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                        Advanced Rules

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Linking words/Connector

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Linking words (also called 'connective' or 'transition' words) help you to connect ideas and sentences when we speak or write English. We can use linking words to give examples, add information, summarise, sequence information, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas. They enable us to establish clear connections between ideas. By using these words we can better build a sentence and convey what we are trying to say in a more concise manner

Most linking words can either connect clauses within a sentence, or start a sentence to form

a link with the previous statement.

 Types of linkers:​

There is more than one type of linking word. In this lesson we will discuss some of the most commonly used ones.

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1. Linkers showing reasons/causes

2. Linkers showing effects/results

3. Linkers showing similarity/comparison

4. Linkers showing contrast

5. Linkers showing sequence/Order

6. Linkers to give example

7. Linker to add more information/ideas

8. Linkers showing time of action

9. Linking words indicating purpose

10. Linking words indicating condition/Options

11. Linkers to clarify/rephrase/ restatement

12. Linkers indicating emphasis

13. Linkers used as relative pronoun

14. Linkers used a relative conjunction

15. Linkers showing reference to

16. Linkers to show Concession

17. Linkers for generalization

18. Linker to introduce conclusion

19. Linkers indicating summary

20. Other linking words

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1.    Linkers showing reasons/causes

A reason linking word is one which shows the cause and effect of a situation. Transitional words and transitional phrases to provide the result of what has been stated or has occurred. Some good examples of this type of transition word are; therefore, as a result of, because, consequently, for this reason, accordingly, hence so that and thus. We might see them used in a sentence such as; The horse had lost its leg, therefore it could not walk without assistance.
List of reason linking word: as, since, because, because of, due to/ owing to, due to the fact that, owing to the fact that
The following are linking expressions that we use to give reasons for why something has occurred.

1.    As- As and since are used to introduce the reason for something. They are similar in meaning and use to 'because'. They can be placed at the beginning of the sentence, or in the middle.
As the watch you have returned is not genuine, we are unable to repair it. 
We are unable to repair the watch you have returned as it is not genuine.
As he got up late, he missed the bus.
2.    Since ( = because)
Since the watch you have returned is not genuine, we are unable to repair it. 
We are unable to repair the watch you have returned since it is not genuine.
Since he didn’t answer all questions, he got poor score in the examination.
3.    Because / because of- The difference between these two words is that because is followed by a subject + verb, and because of is followed by a noun/gerund. Because /because of can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. 
We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive.
The flight was cancelled because the air-traffic controllers were on strike.
The flight was cancelled because of the air-traffic controllers' strike.
Because it was raining, the match was postponed.
There were so many people in the shop because of the sale.
Because of feeling sick , Monir didn’t go to school.

4.    Due to / owing to- Both due to (= because of) and owing to are followed by a noun/gerund. 
Emergency services were overwhelmed with calls due to the severe storms.
The company’s financial losses were due to poor management.
The PM resigned owing to lack of support from many of his ministers.
The accident was due to the carelessness of the driver.
Owing to the rising cost of fuel, more people are using public transport.

5.    Due to the fact that/ owing to the fact that- Due to the fact that is followed by subject + verb. 

Many businesses have closed down due to the fact that rents have increased dramatically.
Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 2%.
Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders.

6.    On account of- On account of is followed by noun / verb(ing).
They moved house on account of their dispute with the neighbours.
He got the job on account of being the son of a prominent businessman,
7.    For- We can also use 'for' to mean 'because'. 'For' can only go in the middle of the two clauses. We often add a comma before it.
We cancelled the picnic, for it was raining.
I was tired after journey, for I had been forced to bike 40 km.
I told her to leave, for I was very tired.
8.    With this in mind
With this in mind, we must ensure more job security.
With this in mind, building rural structures on stilts would avoid soil destruction and enable the reclamation of built-up land.
These families need support with this I mind, a group of specialist met last weekend.
With this in mind, the company has embarked upon a policy of commissioning new work outside the house.
9.    In order to
In order to achieve this, we need a budget.
In order to maximize profit the firm would seek to maximize output.
He works hard in order to succeed in life.

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2.    Linkers showing effects/results/consequence

A result linking word is similar to a reason transition word and will link a sentence to the outcome of it. 
List of result linking word: As a result, As a result of , Consequently, As a consequence, Thus, Therefore So , That's why, Eventually, Hence ,this means that , Accordingly
1.    As a result: used when saying that because of a particular situation, something else happens or is true. As a result of is followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund.
Some people suffer from stress at work and become ill as a result.
As a result of the rise in the number of accidents, the government has taken strict decisions. 
I cannot attend the party tonight as a result of being so tired from having worked late all week.
Several houses were shattered as a result of heavy rain.

2.    Consequently- Consequently links reasons with results. used when saying that because of a particular situation, something else happens or is true. 
There has been a great deal of rain and consequently the reservoirs are full.
This is the fourth time that this has happened and, consequently, we can't accept further watches from you.
The disease attacks the plant, the flower does not open, and consequently no seeds are produced.
3.    As a consequence- used for saying that one thing is the result of another
She has lived in France, and as a consequence speaks French fluently.
He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely to be successful. 
Zack has skipped school on many occasions. As a consequence, he’s failed his French test. 
She has lived in France, and as a consequence speaks French fluently.
As a consequence of global warming, our climate is already starting to change.

4.    Thus : as a result of what you have just mentioned .

He was the eldest son, and thus, heir to the title. 
The program is very simple and thus easy to run. 
He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has made considerable progress. 
You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we won’t be taking you with us. 
We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.
5.    Therefore : as a result of the reason that has just been mentioned; consequently.
She is only seventeen and therefore not eligible to vote. 
We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.
The new boots are lighter and softer, and therefore more comfortable to wear.
I no longer have the support of the committee. I have therefore decided to resign.
This is a binding contract. Therefore, we recommend that you review it with a lawyer.
She already had a lot of experience and therefore seemed the best candidate for the job.
6.    So (less formal): used for saying that something happens or someone does something because of what you have just mentioned
There was nothing on TV, so I decided to go to bed. 
They had not eaten all day, so they were very hungry.
She thought there might have been an accident, so she called the police.
He was born in France, so he also has a French passport.
A tree had fallen across the road, so they had to turn round and go back.
There weren’t enough beds, so I had to sleep on the floor.
7.    That's why: 
You always help the people, that is why people admire you.
The money was not distributed properly. That's the reason why we had an argument.
Cold temperatures kill mosquitos. That's why you won't see them in winter.
8.    For this reason: used when explaining the reason for something. 
The Colonel was confident that war was impending, and for this reason he hurried his preparations to leave the country. 
For this reason, start by choosing a relatively quiet environment rather than a busy road.
For this reason, they are not a good choice for exterior use.
9.    Eventually- in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc
I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost concentration.
Gambling became an obsession , and he eventually lost everything.
He nagged me so much for a new bike that eventually I gave in.
She hopes eventually to attend medical school and become a doctor.
10.    Hence- for this reason. 'Hence' is typically used in a sentence to show a cause and effect relationship between two parts of a sentence. 
Peter's leaving at the end of this week - hence his anxiety to get his work finished.
The customer was displeased with her meal, hence the chef prepared a replacement.
Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.
This material is highly poisonous, hence the importance of careful handling.
The prime minister was attending the conference, hence all the extra security.

11.    This means that- is used when saying what the result of something is.
   If students arrive late, this means that lesson time is wasted.
   Every has left the town. This means that nobody is around to use the local amenities including shops, taxi services, libraries and the like.
12.    Accordingly- as a result of something
No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no action.
The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices are higher now.
The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices.
Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main source of income for locals.

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3.    Linkers showing similarity/comparison
A comparison transition word is used to compare two ideas or thoughts. Connecting to things by suggesting that they are in some way alike. Transitional words and transitional phrases to show how things are similar.
List of result linking word: Similarly, Equally, Likewise, Just as, Just like. Similar to, Same as, Compare / compare(d) to (with). By the same token, In the same way, Correspondingly, by the same token, in like manner, in similar fashion, in the same way, likewise, wherever, by the same token, similarly, in like manner, in similar fashion

1.    Likewise- the same; in a similar way.
You can’t give your phone number to every man who asks for it. Likewise, you can’t go out with everyone who fancies you. 
Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.
Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in college. 
Her second marriage was likewise unhappy.
2.    Similarly- in a similar way.
You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it off when you’re in the library.
I was brought up to be polite. Similarly, I have tried to teach my own children good manners.
Houseplants require much care and attention; similarly, outdoor plants must be cared for properly. Shamim turned the wheel. Similarly, his brother did.
Similarly, the basketball and hockey games draw nearly full attendance.
3.    Correspondingly- used for saying that one thing is related to another, or is caused by another ; in a way that is similar to
The new exam is longer and correspondingly more difficult to pass.
The service is better and correspondingly more expensive.
As his political power has shrunk, he has grown correspondingly more dependent on the army.
She’s an excellent photographer. Correspondingly, her paintings are works of art.
4.    In the same way-
Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way, doing more exercise will help you get rid of a few kilos.
People don't look after other people's property in the same way as they look after their own.
Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice. Alex enjoys telling jokes; in the same way/similarly, his son adores funny stories.
5.    Also- Likewise; too
If you stay, I will also.
Jeremy is now at Dartmouth College, where his father also studied.
Since you're having another cup of coffee, I'll have one also.
The symptoms of the illness were also described in the book. 
6.    As….as ( used in affirmative sentence) equal to the amount or level that is usual/possible/necessary/expected
There were twice as many visitors as usual last weekend.
Our aim is to collect as much information as possible.
The damage wasn’t quite as bad as expected.
   Rahit is as intelligent as his brother.
   Dhaka city is as overpopulated as Gazipur.
   You can eat as much as you want.

7.    So…..as (  ( used in negative sentence)
   She is not so tall as his sister. 
It wasn't so good as last time.
It's not so easy as you'd think.
He was not so quick a learner as his brother.
It's not so much a hobby as a career
   She is not so successful as her brother. 
8.    Such… as
I have never seen such a man as Nizam .
Indeed, the boy  has not read such an interesting book as this one.
9.    Alike - in the same way or in a similar way
Not everyone acts or thinks alike.
The techniques are being applied almost everywhere by big and small firms alike.
You should address the problem immediately. We should do alike.
The two towns are very much alike in size and population.
Good management benefits employers and employees alike.
Great minds think alike.
10.    Equally- used for adding another comment that has the same importance as one that you have already made
The views of parents are important, but equally we must listen to teachers.
Equally, not all customers are honest.
I'm trying to do what is best, but equally I've got to consider the cost.
She may have arrived late or it is equally possible that she never went there at all.
11.    Just as
She’s just as smart as her sister.
The house was just as she had imagined it.
The new laws will be just as oppressive as those they replace.
12.    Just like
Working with housecats is just like working with lions or tigers.
Life is a natural cycle, just like the changing seasons.
13.    Similar to
The text was essentially similar to the previous year's resolution.
Some people say I have a running style similar to him.
The situation in 2011 remained very similar to previous years.
14.    The same as
They're exactly the same as last month.
Rick hasn't changed. He looks exactly the same as he did at school.
Having a power is not the same as using the power.
I need some time to myself, the same as anybody else.
15.    Compare / compare(d) to (with)-
Compared to our small flat, Bill's house seemed like a palace.
Compared to people living only a few generations ago, we have greater opportunities to have a good time.
I was at a disadvantage compared to the younger members of the team.
He gets the ball off quickly compared to two years ago.
Simulators are very realistic, but they don't compare to the actual experience of flying an airplane.
Compare to the bank credit and other traditional financing, lease financing in support to small and medium enterprises have an unparalleled advantage.
Track your original estimates and see how they compare to your actual time.
Compare to traditional immovable watchdog timer, this thesis provides a method to realize alterable watchdog timer. 
16.    By the same token
Teenagers should be more respectful; by the same token, parents should be more understanding.
She must be more reasonable, but by the same token you must try to understand her.
I want to win, but by the same token, I don't want to hurt Sam's confidence.
I realise that he hasn't come up with any new ideas, but by the same token we haven't needed any.
17.    Correspondingly
Correspondingly, the roles each of them played were soon different.
The new exam is longer and correspondingly more difficult to pass.
Correspondingly it must be recognised that an individual has entered work with a particular educational standard.
But the traders did not become correspondingly more refined in their behavior.
18.    As much as
The flowers have grown somewhat, still they haven’t grown as much as they did last summer.
We're in the dark just as much as you are.
Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses.
19.    Like – (not formal)
She looked like she was about to cry.
I wish I could play the piano like she does.
We cook our porridge like the people in Scotland do.

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4.    Linkers showing contrast

A contrast transition word can be used to show a contrast between two ideas within a sentence. Transition words and phrases to show how things are different

List of contrast linking word: Alternatively, Although, At the same time, but, By contrast, conjunctions, connectors, connectors of contrast, contrast list, Conversely, Despite, differences, Even so, Even though, example sentence, example sentences, examples, grammar, However, In contrast, In spite of, Instead, linking words, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Notwithstanding, On the contrary, On the other hand, Otherwise, samples, Though, using, Whereas, While, yet
   
1.    Though-It is used to show that two ideas are opposing one another.
Though it is not exactly accurate information, it is said that there are 3 workers under the dent.
Though the meal was spicy, it was really delicious.
Anne was fond of Tim, though he often annoyed her.
Though he loves his teacher very much, he did not get used to his friends.
They're very different, though they did seem to get on well when they met.
Though she's almost 40, she still plans to compete.
2.    Although- It is used for introducing a new statement that makes main statement surprising.
Although no body is at home, some sounds are coming from the house.
Although she loves her job, she decided to quit her job.
They are generous although they are poor.
Although he works hard, he is not successful in the course.
Although patience and persistence is a painful thing, but it can gradually bring you the benefits.

3.    Even though- It is used as a stronger way to say “though” or “although”.
He always gets the highest grade from the courses, even though he does not work regularly.
Even though I met all the criteria needed for the job, I was not hired.
She never took a taxi, even though she could afford to.
My father will go to the work, even though he has two painful operations.

4.    On the contrary
It is used to show that a thought or feel which is the opposite of what has just stated. Use "on the contrary" to disagree with an idea or to dispute the "truth" of a widely-held view.
It's no trouble at all; on the contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you.
The risk of infection hasn’t diminished – on the contrary, it has increased.
It must have been terrible.’ ‘On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.’
This election will not bring prosperity to the country. On the contrary, chaos will increase.
It doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it's rather beautiful.
5.    On the other hand-  It is used to say something that is different from the first thing mentioned.  We use "on the other hand" to contrast two different views of a single issue or problem. Note that although these two views may represent opposites, they do not contradict or cancel each other out. 

I like playing football. On the other hand, my brother likes playing basketball.
This private school is very expensive. On the other hand, education of the school is very well.
We had no money but, on the other hand, we were very happy.
Laptops are convenient; on the other hand, they can be expensive.
Ali worked hard. On the other hand Okan hardly did any work at all.

6.    Nevertheless- despite something that you have just mentioned, It is used to say something which contrasts with what has just been said. There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law.
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working.
Nevertheless, it is important that we try.
The news may be unexpected; nevertheless it is true.
Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.
The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was preferable to the new one.
She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless she failed. 
The place was so beautiful; nevertheless, we did not want to spend our holiday in here.
They lost the game; nevertheless, they continued to play.

7.    Nonetheless- despite this fact. It is used to link two contradictory thoughts.
The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.
France and Germany are pursuing modest but nonetheless courageous reforms.
The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.
The paintings are complex, but have plenty of appeal nonetheless.
My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his interest in legal matters.
He worked with very little salary but he was happy with his job nonetheless.
The food was unsalted, but it was nonetheless delicious.
Nonetheless, the region still plays an important role in the country's economy.
8.    Despite/ in spite of- It is used to show something which happen without being affected by something else.  These are followed by nouns or gerunds (verb + 'ing'). They are not followed by clauses (subject + verb).
In spite of / despite being much older than the others, he won the race.
I can manage to stay cheerful despite everything.
They went swimming in spite of all the danger signs
That man is very stingy, despite having a lot of money.
In spite of our efforts, we lost the match.
In spite of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
Despite vehement opposition from his family, he quit school and became an actor.
Despite/ In spite of the rain, I went for a walk.
Despite losing the match, the team were happy with their efforts.

If you want to use a clause with despite and in spite of, you need to add 'the fact that '.
Despite the fact that they lost the match, the team were still happy.

9.    In contrast (to)- It is used to compare two things or people and to say that the second one is very different from the first one.
In contrast to the diligent bee, the butterfly flies hither and yon with no apparent purpose. George is an optimist. In contrast, Bill is a pessimist.
Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.
In contrast to Farin, who was tall and willowy, Daisy was small and curvy.
This child is short and fat. In contrast, her sister is tall and thin.
Some people are extroverts. In contrast, some people are introverts.
In contrast to his big brother, he speaks English very well.
In contrast to the moon with an average temperature of -18°C, the Earth is able to maintain an average surface temperature of +15°C.
10.    By contrast- It is used for the act of comparing in order to show differences.
David is unaware of what is around. By contrast, Lisa is very cautious.
Children like crowds. By contrast, elders prefer solitude.
My daughter is very active. By contrast, my son is so moody.
When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.

11.    While- Only those sentences that can be contrasted using the adversative sentence connectors "in contrast" or "conversely" can also be re-worded to combine with adversative subordinators ("while", "whereas")
While London is exciting, it is much too busy. 
Success has many fathers, while failure is an orphan.
While the average surface temperature of the moon is -18°C, the average surface temperature of the Earth is +15°C.
I like tennis, while my brother prefers bowling.
While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.
12.    Whereas- It is used for comparing two things which have significant differences from each other Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
Chicken meat is white, whereas cow meat is red.
You can do what you want outdoors, whereas it’s impossible to do them at home.
Her hair has a natural wave, whereas her sister’s hair just straight.
Life in the city is fast, whereas life in the countryside is slow.
Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down.
13.    Unlike- unlike is used to show how two things are different from each other
Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol.
Unlike most systems, this one is very easy to install. 
His boss allows him to work from home, unlike mine.
She’s very friendly, unlike her sister.
Unlike the moon with an average temperature of -18°C, the Earth is able to maintain an average surface temperature of +15°C.
14.    Alternatively-
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.
We could take the train or alternatively go by car.
The quickest way is to take the motorway. Alternatively, there is the coastal route, which is much prettier.
Alternatively, instruments can be sent by carrier if you live too far away to visit personally.
15.    Conversely- Use "conversely" to contrast the relationship between two related features in the same situation, process, or facts from opposite points of views . It is used to express an idea that is different from or opposite the other idea mentioned before.
Northern European countries had a great summer. Conversely, southern Europe had poor weather. 
In real life, nobody was all bad, nor, conversely, all good.
Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six. 
His family made a lot of effort to make their son’s lessons better, conversely, he never made any effort.
16.    Even so- despite what has just been said
Even so, many old friends were shocked at the announcement.
It’s raining. Even so, we must go out.
This hypothesis is true, but even so, further research is required.
This dive may be dangerous for us, even so, we have to do it.
Your thoughts are very fanciful, but even so, they are worth to imagine.
I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert.
Even so, the idea gained complete acceptance only early this century.
Even so, the agricultural sector remains largely underdeveloped.
There are a lot of spelling mistakes; even so, it's quite a good essay.
17.    Differing from- 
Differing from his white colleagues, he preferred instructing his scholars to the ambition of acquiring personal renown.
Their opinion, differing from that of St. Andrews, gave rise to uncalled-for and insoluble difficulties.
Differing from the senior school students, the vocational school students are eliminated through the selection examinations.
18.    Contrary to- 
Contrary to all our expectations, he found a well-paid job and a nice house to live in.
Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk.
The situation in Ireland is quite contrary to this principle.
Contrary to expectations and the weather forecast, we had a fine day for the experiment.
19.    Yet- It is used to add something that is surprising after the first sentence which are mentioned before.
It’s a long-term business, yet it’s more fun than other jobs.
The weather was snowy, yet it was not cold.
That woman was short and overweight, yet somehow, she was attractive.
George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.
20.    However- "However" is the most common of the contrastive sentence connectors and can serve two different functions. It can introduce conflict or a problem that contrasts with the situation, facts or viewpoints presented in earlier sentences, or signal that the contrast introduced in the second sentence is somehow surprising or unexpected in light of what was said in the first sentence.
That man has much money. However, he isn’t happy at all. 
She sings very well. However, she is a stutterer. 
He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.
I respect my best friend’s ideas however we do not have the same thoughts.
No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources.

21.    Instead-It means in place of something or someone else. Use "instead" to replace or substitute one action with another. When "instead" comes at the beginning of a sentence (with a comma), it tends to be often used after a negative sentence.
There is no chocolate now, I can give you some sugar instead.
Would you like to go to another place instead of cinema?
Instead of complaining, you should try to be a constructivist.
If you don’t have olive oil, you can use sunflower oil instead.
The committee has rejected our proposal. Instead, they have brought forward an alternative plan.
Tickets will cost only £5, instead of the usual £6.50.
Alison will be playing instead of me on Saturday.
Can’t we deal with this now instead of waiting until tomorrow?

22.    Notwithstanding- It means despite the thing mentioned.
Notwithstanding differences, there are clear similarities in all of the world's religions.
He continues to exhibit the same behaviors, our warnings notwithstanding.
These drugs seem to be different, notwithstanding having same contents.
Notwithstanding two players getting red card, the team won the game.
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.

23.    But- It is used to add statement which is different from what you have said before.
I know the answer to the problem, but I do not know why it is.
He is a very handsome but he is very rude person.
They heard us but they did not understand what we said.
It's easy to fall into a trap, but hard to get out again.
Little thieves are hanged, but great ones escape.
24.    In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result. 
In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don’t have enough time.

5.    Linkers showing sequence/Order
An order transition word can be used to show a change in the order or timing of consecutive ideas and phrases. 

List of contrast linking word: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind

1.    First/ Firstly/First of all/- For an action that happens before any others. We can also use "first" at the end of the sentence.
In the first place I prefer the train because I can see the landscape. 
First of all, I’d like to talk about the benefits of having a pet. 
I have a lot of work to do. First, I will make a cup of tea. 
Firstly, this car looks awful, and secondly, it’s unreliable.
First of all/ In the first place any violation of traffic signal must be taken seriously.
2.    Second/ secondly/in the second place- used for introducing the second in a series of two or more things
Secondly, I have control over my luggage. 
Secondly, their impressive numeracy skills must be mentioned.
Firstly, I didn’t know the neighbourhood and, secondly, it was night.
3.    Third/ thirdly/in the third place
Thirdly, it is better for the environment.
In the third place, you can always count on your pet pig to perform some tricks for you when you’d like to impress a pretty girl.
Secondly, how much will it cost? And thirdly, when do I pay?
4.    To begin with- You use to begin with to introduce the first of several things that you want to say
To begin with, pet pigs are cleaner than dogs.
To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.
To begin with, I want to say thank you to all of you who are attending the lecture this morning.
5.    In the beginning
Some steps should be taken to control population in the beginning.
In the beginning I found it hard to concentrate, but now it’s much easier.
In the beginning he had felt well, but little by little he was becoming weaker.
In the beginning I found the course very difficult.
6.    First and foremost- used for emphasizing the main point or the most important reason for something
He was first and foremost an educator who cared about his students.
‘Why not get a job that pays more?’ ‘First and foremost, because I really like what I’m doing.’
We will continue to focus on our players first and foremost.
7.    Also- used for adding another fact or idea to what you have already said
Khaled is a keen photographer who also loves to paint.
The electric drill can also be used as a screwdriver.
Not only is it a comfortable and stylish hotel, it’s also a popular meeting place.
Also, they don’t eat much.
8.    Besides- in addition to someone or something else that is being mentioned. We write -ing form of the verb after besides.
A lot of them are studying other things besides Italian.
There are cakes and sandwiches, and lots more besides.
Besides being a teammate, he’s my friend.
Besides making money, the company aims to set high standards of quality and design.
I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money.
Besides not eating much, they won’t ever chew on your electric cords.
9.    In addition
used for adding an extra piece of information to what has already been said or written
People gain valuable work experience and, in addition, employers can afford to employ them.
In addition, they can be taught to feed themselves if you allow them access to your pantry.
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.
In addition to my weekly wage, I got a lot of tips.
In addition to his movie work, Redford is known as a champion of environmental causes.
10.    Furthermore
Furthermore, they make wonderful walking buddies.
Furthermore, the particles act as nuclei for droplets of water vapour.
Furthermore, sports collectibles require certificates of authenticity in California.
11.    Moreover
Moreover, they’ll show you the way home when you’re drunk.
Moreover, as a worker gets older, overtime, shift work and so on become less .
12.    Next" and "then" can both be used for an action that happens after another action but we usually use:
"next": for an action that happens immediately after another action, or as soon as possible. We can also use "next" at the end of the sentence.
I went to Bolivia on holiday. "Next", I want to go to Brazil.
I’m eating breakfast now. I will clean the kitchen "next".
13.    "Then": for an action that happens after another action if it’s not immediate. We can use "and then" without a comma.
I will go to the shop, then to the park and finally I will relax in the bar.
Sarah is doing her degree. Then, she wants to be a lawyer.
If you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky11 ground.
Sarah will probably not be a lawyer immediately after she gets her degree.
They went shopping in the morning and then they went to the zoo. 
We don’t know if they went to the zoo immediately after they went shopping.
14.    Later
Later, it transpired she had failed the examination.
She arrived on the ferry, and he came later. 
He later felt that he was wrong. 
Later on, we watched a movie.
15.    After
It is not enough to help the feeble up but to support him after.
It is too late to shut the stable door after the horse has been stolen.
Joy often comes after sorrow, like morning after night.
16.    Before
Before you give up, think of the reason why you held on so long.
I went for a run before breakfast.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
I joined the police in 1999. Before that I was in the army.
Don't try to walk before you can crawl.
17.    Following
They arrived on Monday evening and we got there the following day.
The team blossomed following the appointment of the new manager.
Following his military service, Wilkins returned to his home town.
18.    Previously
I had visited them three days previously.
Previously, the child was under the protection of her mother.
19.    Before-
Your name is before mine on the list.
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
Leave your keys at reception before departure.
20.    Subsequently- afterwards; later
Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.
Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.
He subsequently became chairman of the party.

Transition words and phrases to mark the end of an ascending order
21.    Above all- most important of all; especially.
Above all, keep in touch.
Above all, fishing requires great patience.
Above all Susie is a great survivor, with a bright, indomitable spirit.
22.    Last, lastly, last of all
Lastly, and most importantly, you should be optimistic.
Lastly, I would like to ask about your future plans.
Lastly, your reputation as an eccentric will rapidly grow in the neighbourhood if you’re seen walking a pet pig on a leash every morning.
23.    Last but not least- You use last but not least to say that the last person or thing to be mentioned is as important as all the others.
Last but not least, I find I seriously cannot relate to women.
Last but not least, I'd like to thank all the catering staff.
And, last but not least, its growth and production has a huge impact on the environment we live in.
And last but not least there is the questions of adequate funding.
24.    Finally- for the action that happens at the end, after any others, or after a long time. We can use "finally" before the verb without a comma.
Finally, pet pigs are fantastic guards. No burglar would ever have the heart to hurt a pet pig.
Finally, I got an A in Math.
I worked all evening. Finally, I went to bed at 11pm.
I worked all evening and I finally went to bed at 11pm.
After five years, I finally sold the house.
Finally, after months of speculation, the latest model went on sale.
 

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