Rules of Articles
Introduction to Articles
In English grammar, the words "a," "an," and "the" are known as articles. Articles are used before nouns to specify whether the noun is definite or indefinite. Though they function like adjectives by qualifying nouns, articles have distinct rules of usage that set them apart from other adjectives.
Difference Between Articles and Adjectives
· No Degrees of Comparison: Unlike adjectives, articles do not have comparative or superlative forms.
· No Predicative Use: Adjectives can be used in a predicative position (e.g., "The sky is blue"), but articles cannot.
Types of Articles
There are two main types of articles:
1. Indefinite Articles: "a" and "an"
2. Definite Article: "the"
Uses of 'A' and 'An'
In English, 'a' and 'an' are used as indefinite articles, introducing a nonspecific noun or referring to a subject mentioned for the first time. The choice between 'a' and 'an' is often based on the sound of the word that follows. Let's go through 30 rules detailing how to use 'a' and 'an' correctly.
Basic Rules for Using 'A' and 'An'
Rule 1: Use 'a' before words that start with a consonant sound, and 'an' before words that start with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
· Examples:
o A boy waited patiently outside the store.
o She adopted an owl from the wildlife rescue center.
o They spotted a rainbow after the rainstorm.
o An unexpected visitor arrived at the party.
Rule 2: Use 'a' when the first letter 'h' is pronounced, and 'an' when the 'h' is silent.
· Examples:
o A historian spoke at the conference yesterday.
o It took an hour to reach the top of the mountain.
o They watched a horror movie late at night.
o She told us an honest answer to the question.
Rule 3: Use 'a' before words that begin with a vowel that sounds like a 'y' or 'w'.
· Examples:
o He wore a unique costume for the party.
o We visited a European country last summer.
o The museum holds a uniform worn by a famous soldier.
o She created a useful guide for new students.
Rule 4: Generally, words beginning with 'o' take 'an'. However, 'a' is used before 'one' and words that start with a 'w' sound.
· Examples:
o He earned an outstanding grade in science.
o She bought a one-of-a-kind souvenir.
o They arranged an opera performance in the town square.
o I received a one-year subscription to the magazine.
Rule 5: Use 'an' before abbreviations and letters that begin with a vowel sound. Use 'a' if the letter sounds like a consonant.
· Examples:
o She graduated with an M.A. in Psychology.
o He is a B.A. graduate from the university.
o They appointed an F.R.C.S. certified doctor for the procedure.
o I have a Ph.D. in linguistics.
Other Uses of 'A' and 'An'
Rule 6: Use 'a' or 'an' before a singular common noun to represent an entire group.
· Examples:
o A cat is a curious animal by nature.
o An ant is known for its industriousness.
o A dog can be a loyal companion.
o An eagle is a symbol of freedom.
Rule 7: Use 'a' or 'an' when mentioning something for the first time with no specific reference.
· Examples:
o She walked into a new restaurant down the street.
o I found an old coin in the garden.
o We adopted a small kitten from the shelter.
o They found an ancient artifact during their dig.
Rule 8: Use 'a' or 'an' before a singular noun to mean 'the same' or 'a certain' kind.
· Examples:
o These individuals are of a determined character.
o They are men of a rare talent.
o He followed a specific set of rules.
o She encountered a mysterious stranger.
Rule 9: Use 'a' as a preposition in certain older expressions, known as a disguised preposition.
· Examples:
o The knights went a-hunting at dawn.
o He set out a-sailing along the coast.
o The soldiers went a-marching through the town.
o They went a-shopping for supplies.
Rule 10: Use 'a' before expressions like 'few,' 'little,' 'great many,' etc., when they modify plural nouns.
· Examples:
o There is a little sugar left in the jar.
o He has a great many friends across the country.
o We had a lot of fun at the carnival.
o They gathered a few supplies for the trip.
Rule 11: Use 'a' before numbers like 'couple,' 'dozen,' 'score,' 'hundred,' 'thousand,' etc.
· Examples:
o She bought a dozen eggs from the market.
o He donated a hundred dollars to charity.
o The event attracted a thousand people.
o They sold a couple of books.
Rule 12: Use 'a' or 'an' after 'what,' 'how,' or 'such' in exclamatory phrases.
· Examples:
o What a beautiful sunset!
o How an amazing story!
o Such a splendid performance!
o What an incredible journey!
Rule 13: Use 'a' or 'an' before certain common phrases.
· Examples:
o He explained everything in a nutshell.
o They acted in a hurry to meet the deadline.
o The team worked in a unified manner.
o She faced the challenge in a positive way.
Rule 14: Use 'a' or 'an' before singular nouns when preceded by words like 'quite,' 'many,' 'rather,' 'but,' etc.
· Examples:
o It was quite an enjoyable evening.
o This is rather a difficult problem to solve.
o He is but a simple man.
o It was quite a challenging hike.
Rule 15: Use 'a' or 'an' after 'so' and 'too' when these words modify an adjective.
· Examples:
o It is too serious a matter to ignore.
o Iron is so useful a material.
o She was too kind a person to refuse.
o The test was so tough an experience.
Rule 16: Use 'a' or 'an' when using proper nouns as common nouns to make a comparison.
· Examples:
o He is a true Shakespeare in his writing.
o She has a Picasso's eye for art.
o He is an Einstein in mathematics.
o She has a Mozart's touch in music.
Rule 17: Use 'a' or 'an' before an abstract noun used as a common noun.
· Examples:
o She has a calm that is contagious.
o He has an optimism that’s inspiring.
o She possesses a beauty admired by all.
o He radiates a warmth that everyone feels.
Rule 18: Use 'a' or 'an' before a singular noun following 'many.'
· Examples:
o Many a person has faced this challenge.
o Many an idea was shared during the meeting.
o Many a time we’ve seen such dedication.
o Many an artist strives for recognition.
Rule 19: Use 'a' before titles like Mr., Mrs., or Miss with surnames to refer to an unknown person.
· Examples:
o A Mr. Brown called while you were out.
o A Mrs. Smith left a message.
o A Miss Johnson attended the event.
o A Mr. Clarke requested an appointment.
Rule 20: Use 'a' before 'half' when it follows a whole number.
· Examples:
o The recipe calls for one and a half cups of sugar.
o The project took two and a half weeks to complete.
o He ordered three and a half pounds of fruit.
o The hike was one and a half miles long.
Rule 21: Use 'a' or 'an' in expressions of price, speed, and frequency.
· Examples:
o The apples cost a dollar a dozen.
o The train travels at eighty kilometers an hour.
o The prescription should be taken three times a day.
o He charges fifty dollars an hour for consulting.
Rule 22: Use 'a' or 'an' when introducing or emphasizing a profession, occupation, or role, especially when it's mentioned for the first time.
· Examples:
o She is a lawyer by profession.
o He works as an artist and exhibits his work.
o My brother is a teacher in a local school.
o She dreams of becoming an architect.
Rule 23: Use 'a' or 'an' before singular countable nouns to introduce examples in general statements.
· Examples:
o A car needs regular maintenance to run efficiently.
o An elephant can live up to 70 years.
o A laptop is essential for remote work.
o An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Rule 24: Use 'a' or 'an' with units of measure when discussing quantities or attributes of items.
· Examples:
o The fabric costs thirty dollars a meter.
o They bought milk at two liters a bottle.
o The gardener charges fifteen dollars a tree.
o Potatoes are sold at fifty cents a pound.
Rule 25: Use 'a' or 'an' before fractions when they follow whole numbers.
· Examples:
o The distance was three and a half miles.
o The time required was two and a half hours.
o The house has one and a half floors.
o The project took one and a quarter months.
Rule 26: Use 'a' or 'an' with specific nouns to describe quantity in terms like 'a dozen', 'a score', and 'a couple'.
· Examples:
o He bought a dozen roses for her.
o There were a score of people waiting in line.
o We had a couple of ideas for the project.
o The village has a hundred houses.
Rule 27: Use 'a' or 'an' in idiomatic expressions like "a lot of," "a few," and "a great deal of" to indicate an unspecified amount.
· Examples:
o She has a lot of experience in management.
o There are a few options available for the event.
o He contributed a great deal of effort to the team.
o A little patience goes a long way.
Rule 28: Use 'a' before descriptive nouns referring to something unusual, extraordinary, or noteworthy.
· Examples:
o It was a sight to behold.
o He displayed a courage that few possess.
o She has a memory like an elephant.
o They showed a dedication that inspired others.
Rule 29: Use 'a' or 'an' in expressions with "as" or "like" when indicating someone’s role or function.
· Examples:
o He spoke as a representative of the company.
o She was treated like an outcast.
o He worked as a mentor to the younger team members.
o They regarded her as a pioneer in her field.
Rule 30: Use 'a' or 'an' before singular nouns in sayings, expressions, and idioms to imply a general meaning.
· Examples:
o They say "Better a bird in the hand than two in the bush."
o "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
o He has a mind of his own.
o She took it one step at a time.
Omission of 'A' and 'An'
Rule 1: 'A/An' is not used before names of meals unless they are modified by an adjective.
In English, 'a' or 'an' is generally omitted before the names of meals like breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc., unless these meals are described with an adjective.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: We have a breakfast at 7 a.m.
o Correct: We have breakfast at 7 a.m.
o Incorrect: We had good breakfast yesterday.
o Correct: We had a good breakfast yesterday.
o Incorrect: She prepared a dinner for us.
o Correct: She prepared dinner for us.
o Correct (with adjective): She prepared a delicious dinner for us.
Rule 2: 'A/An' is not used before plural nouns.
When speaking about things in the plural, 'a' or 'an' is not used, as articles only specify single, countable items.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: A roses are beautiful.
o Correct: Roses are beautiful.
o Incorrect: An horses are useful.
o Correct: Horses are useful.
o Incorrect: They gave her a flowers.
o Correct: They gave her flowers.
o Incorrect: A mountains are high.
o Correct: Mountains are high.
Rule 3: 'A/An' is not used before uncountable nouns like 'advice,' 'information,' 'news,' 'baggage,' and 'luggage.'
These nouns are generally treated as uncountable in English, meaning 'a' or 'an' does not precede them.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: My teacher gave me an advice.
o Correct: My teacher gave me advice.
o Incorrect: She brought a baggage with her.
o Correct: She brought baggage with her.
o Incorrect: They had a great news for us.
o Correct: They had great news for us.
o Incorrect: The police failed to get an information.
o Correct: The police failed to get information.
Rule 4: 'A/An' is not used before general uncountable nouns such as 'water,' 'milk,' 'oil,' 'ink,' 'hydrogen,' 'tea,' 'paper,' etc.
These nouns are uncountable in nature, so they do not take 'a' or 'an'. However, if a measure word is used, then 'a' or 'an' may be applied.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: Give me an water.
o Correct: Give me water.
o Incorrect: She drinks a tea every day.
o Correct: She drinks tea every day.
o Correct (with measure): Give me a glass of water.
o Correct (with measure): She bought a bottle of milk.
o Correct (with measure): He spilled a drop of ink on the paper.
Rule 5: 'A/An' is not used before abstract nouns when they represent general concepts or qualities.
Abstract nouns like 'kindness,' 'honesty,' 'wisdom,' 'love,' etc., do not take 'a' or 'an' unless they're used in a specific or quantifiable way.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: Kindness is a great virtue.
o Correct: Kindness is a great virtue.
o Incorrect: An honesty is valued.
o Correct: Honesty is valued.
o Incorrect: She has an amazing patience.
o Correct: She has amazing patience.
o Correct (specific): He showed a kindness I've rarely seen.
o Correct (specific): An honesty like his is hard to find.
Rule 6: 'A/An' is not used before names of languages.
When referring to languages, 'a' or 'an' is typically omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: I am learning a Spanish.
o Correct: I am learning Spanish.
o Incorrect: She speaks an English fluently.
o Correct: She speaks English fluently.
o Incorrect: He studies a French.
o Correct: He studies French.
o Incorrect: They are practicing an Arabic.
o Correct: They are practicing Arabic.
Rule 7: 'A/An' is not used before titles and ranks.
In formal contexts, such as titles or ranks, articles are typically omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: He is an president of the organization.
o Correct: He is president of the organization.
o Incorrect: She is a doctor at the hospital.
o Correct: She is a doctor at the hospital.
o Incorrect: He wants to be a captain of the team.
o Correct: He wants to be captain of the team.
o Incorrect: She became an engineer last year.
o Correct: She became engineer last year.
Rule 8: 'A/An' is not used before 'home,' 'school,' 'church,' 'work,' and 'bed' when referring to these places in a general sense.
When speaking about these locations in a non-specific manner, the articles are usually omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: I went to a home after school.
o Correct: I went home after school.
o Incorrect: He is at a church right now.
o Correct: He is at church right now.
o Incorrect: She is going to a work.
o Correct: She is going to work.
o Incorrect: I go to a bed early.
o Correct: I go to bed early.
Rule 9: 'A/An' is not used before the names of certain professions when they are used in a general sense.
When referring to someone in a general profession, the articles can be omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: She wants to be a lawyer.
o Correct: She wants to be lawyer.
o Incorrect: He is an architect.
o Correct: He is architect.
o Incorrect: She became a teacher.
o Correct: She became teacher.
o Incorrect: He is an artist.
o Correct: He is artist.
Rule 10: 'A/An' is not used before expressions of time or distance when they are used in a general context.
When expressing general time or distance, the articles are omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: It takes a hour to get there.
o Correct: It takes an hour to get there.
o Incorrect: I live a mile from the city center.
o Correct: I live a mile from the city center.
o Incorrect: It happens in an hour.
o Correct: It happens in an hour.
o Incorrect: He runs a hundred meters daily.
o Correct: He runs a hundred meters daily.
Rule 11: 'A/An' is not used before the names of streets, cities, or countries in a general context.
When referring to geographical names, the articles are usually omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: She lives in a Paris.
o Correct: She lives in Paris.
o Incorrect: I am from an Italy.
o Correct: I am from Italy.
o Incorrect: They traveled to a America.
o Correct: They traveled to America.
o Incorrect: He visited a London last summer.
o Correct: He visited London last summer.
Rule 12: 'A/An' is not used before most phrases beginning with 'to' or 'for.'
When using certain phrases that begin with "to" or "for," the articles are generally omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: I went to a store.
o Correct: I went to the store.
o Incorrect: This is a gift for an friend.
o Correct: This is a gift for a friend.
o Incorrect: We went to a park yesterday.
o Correct: We went to the park yesterday.
o Incorrect: They wrote a letter to a friend.
o Correct: They wrote a letter to a friend.
Rule 13: 'A/An' is not used before some idiomatic expressions.
Certain idiomatic phrases do not take articles.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: It was a piece of cake.
o Correct: It was a piece of cake.
o Incorrect: She gave him an run for his money.
o Correct: She gave him a run for his money.
o Incorrect: That’s an tall tale.
o Correct: That’s a tall tale.
o Incorrect: He has an eye for detail.
o Correct: He has an eye for detail.
Rule 14: 'A/An' is not used before the names of continents or major regions.
When referring to continents or major regions, the articles are typically omitted.
· Examples:
o Incorrect: They traveled to an Asia.
o Correct: They traveled to Asia.
o Incorrect: She lives in a Africa.
o Correct: She lives in Africa.
o Incorrect: He wants to visit an Europe.
o Correct: He wants to visit Europe.
o Incorrect: We explored a South America last year.
o Correct: We explored South America last year.
Uses of the Definite Article: 'The'
1. Particularizing Person or Thing'The' is used before singular and plural common nouns to specify a person or thing.
o Examples:
§ The boys are playing soccer in the park.
§ The girl is reading a book at the library.
2. Representing a Whole Class'The' is used before singular common nouns to refer to a whole class.
o Examples:
§ The horse is a faithful animal that serves humans.
§ The tiger is known for its strength and beauty.
o Note: Instead of using 'the', the given common nouns could be made plural for the same meaning.
§ Example: Incorrect: The man is mortal.
§ Correct: Man is mortal.
3. Geographical Names'The' is used before names of rivers, seas, gulfs, oceans, mountain ranges, and groups of islands.
o Examples:
§ The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.
§ The Himalayas are known for their majestic peaks.
o Note: 'The' is not used before a single mountain or a single island.
§ Example: Mount Everest is the tallest mountain on Earth.
4. Names of Holy Books and Newspapers'The' is used before the names of holy books and newspapers.
o Examples:
§ The Bible contains many teachings and stories.
§ The Guardian is a well-respected newspaper in the UK.
5. Singular Nouns of Unique Existence'The' is used before singular nouns that refer to things of which only one exists.
o Examples:
§ The earth revolves around the sun.
§ The moon was shining brightly last night.
6. Descriptive Geographical Names'The' is used before descriptive or significant geographical names.
o Examples:
§ The United States of America is a diverse country.
§ The Amazon rainforest is home to many unique species.
7. Names of Dates'The' is used before names of dates.
o Examples:
§ The 4th of July is celebrated as Independence Day in the USA.
§ The 25th of December is Christmas Day.
8. Substituting Possessive Adjectives'The' is used before common nouns as a substitute for possessive adjectives.
o Examples:
§ He struck me on the (my) head during the game.
§ The teacher called me to discuss my performance.
9. Names of Nations and Communities'The' is used before the names of nations and communities.
o Examples:
§ The French are known for their culinary skills.
§ The wealthy often donate to charity.
10. Superlative Degree of Adjectives'The' is used before adjectives in the superlative degree.
· Examples:
o He is the best player on the team.
o This is the fastest car in the showroom.
11. Contrast Between Two'The' is used before adjectives in the comparative degree to indicate a contrast.
· Examples:
o Ruba is the better of the two girls in the competition.
o He is the taller player on the court.
12. Adverbial Use in Comparative Senses'The' is used as an adverb in comparative senses.
· Examples:
o The sooner we leave, the better it will be for us.
o The more you practice, the easier it becomes.
13. Nouns Indicating Profession'The' is used before nouns to indicate a profession.
· Examples:
o He joined the army after graduating from college.
o She is the president of the organization.
14. Abstract Quality Expression'The' is used before adjectives to express an abstract quality.
· Examples:
o People love the brave who stand up for justice.
o The kind are always remembered.
15. Abstract Nouns to Express Quality'The' is used before abstract nouns to express the quality of a particular person or thing.
· Examples:
o The courage of Richard is known to all in the community.
o The wisdom of elders should be respected.
16. Nouns with Adjective Phrases'The' is used before common nouns defined by adjectives or adjective phrases.
· Examples:
o The man who came here yesterday is my friend.
o The book on the table is mine.
17. Numerical Words as Units'The' is used before a numerical word as a unit.
· Examples:
o He sells mangoes by the hundred.
o The man buys eggs by the score.
18. Epithets Used After Proper Nouns'The' is used before epithets used after proper nouns.
· Examples:
o Alexander the Great was a legendary conqueror.
o Napoleon the Brave led many successful campaigns.
19. Musical Instruments'The' is used before musical instruments.
· Examples:
o He plays the piano beautifully.
o She is learning to play the guitar.
20. Choir, Orchestra, and Pop Groups'The' is used before the names of choirs, orchestras, and pop groups.
· Examples:
o The Beatles changed the music industry forever.
o The orchestra performed beautifully at the concert.
21. Certain Collective Nouns'The' is used before certain collective nouns.
· Examples:
o The elite often have access to exclusive events.
o The audience was captivated by the performance.
22. Noted Public and Historical Places'The' is used before names of noted public and historical places.
· Examples:
o The Battle of Waterloo was a significant historical event.
o The Eiffel Tower is an iconic landmark in Paris.
23. Adjectives Before Proper Nouns'The' is used before adjectives used before proper nouns.
· Examples:
o The great Shakespeare wrote many famous plays.
o The famous author visited our school.
24. Singular Designation'The' is used before singular designations.
· Examples:
o The President addressed the nation last night.
o The Headmaster gave a motivational speech.
25. Nouns with Superlative Force'The' is used before nouns used with a superlative force.
· Examples:
o Michael Jackson is the king of pop music.
o Humayun Ahmed is the novelist of the day.
26. Plural Names of Families'The' is used before plural names of families.
· Examples:
o The Mughals were influential in Indian history.
o The Khans have a rich cultural heritage.
27. Common Nouns Defined by Adjectives'The' is used before common nouns defined by adjectives or adjective phrases or clauses.
· Examples:
o The student who studied hard passed the exam.
o The car that he bought is very expensive.
28. Expressions of Price, Speed, Ratio, etc.'The' is used in expressions of price, speed, ratio, etc.
· Examples:
o It costs Tk. 50 a kilo for these apples.
o He drives eighty kilometers an hour.
29. Expressions of Time'The' is used in expressions of time.
· Examples:
o The 21st century has brought many changes.
o The morning is the best time for exercise.
30. Numerical Representation'The' is used to express numerical representation.
· Examples:
o He has the ability to learn quickly.
o She is the first to arrive at the meeting.
31. Nouns Indicating Specialty or Place of Origin'The' is used to indicate specialty or place of origin for certain material nouns.
· Examples:
o The coffee from Colombia is renowned worldwide.
o The silk of China is famous for its quality.
32. Historical Events and Periods'The' is used before names of significant historical events and periods.
· Examples:
o The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change.
o The Industrial Revolution transformed many economies.
33. Public Institutions'The' is used before names of public institutions, organizations, and buildings.
· Examples:
o The United Nations aims to maintain international peace.
o The Louvre is one of the most visited museums in the world.
34. Titles with Specific Reference'The' is used before titles that refer to a specific individual or office.
· Examples:
o The Queen of England is visiting our country.
o The Director of the company announced new policies.
35. Certain Historical and Geographical Terms'The' is used before certain historical and geographical terms.
· Examples:
o The Middle Ages were characterized by feudalism.
o The South Pole is one of the most extreme environments on Earth.
36. Cultural and Artistic Works'The' is used before specific works of art, literature, and music.
· Examples:
o The Mona Lisa is housed in the Louvre Museum.
o The Great Gatsby is a classic American novel.
37. Unique Titles and Roles'The' is used before unique titles and roles within a specific context.
· Examples:
o The manager is responsible for the team's performance.
o The chef prepared a special meal for the guests.
38. Common Nouns with a Specific Reference'The' is used before common nouns that have a specific reference in a conversation.
· Examples:
o The car you sold me has broken down.
o The book you recommended was fantastic.
39. Common Nouns Indicating Specificity'The' is used before common nouns to indicate specificity.
· Examples:
o The table in the corner is where we always meet.
o The flowers in the garden are blooming beautifully.
40. Before Groups and Organizations'The' is used before names of groups, organizations, and clubs.
· Examples:
o The Scouts promote teamwork and leadership.
o The Lions Club is involved in various community services.
41. Before Adjectives Describing Groups'The' is used before adjectives describing certain groups of people.
· Examples:
o The elderly need special care and attention.
o The disabled often face various challenges in society.
42. Before Specific Types of Events'The' is used before specific types of events or occasions.
· Examples:
o The wedding was a grand affair.
o The concert was sold out within hours.
43. Before Certain Noun Phrases'The' is used before certain noun phrases to indicate a particular reference.
· Examples:
o The right to vote is essential in a democracy.
o The sound of music filled the air.
44. Before Nouns Denoting Time or Place'The' is used before nouns that denote a specific time or place.
· Examples:
o I will meet you at the library this afternoon.
o The weekend is a great time to relax.
45. Cultural References'The' is used before cultural references or terms that are well known.
· Examples:
o The American Dream is a common phrase in U.S. culture.
o The Great Wall of China is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
46. Before Nouns Indicating Specific Relationships'The' is used before nouns that indicate specific relationships.
· Examples:
o The brother of my best friend is coming to visit.
o The mother of the bride looked stunning at the wedding.
47. In Idiomatic Expressions'The' is used in certain idiomatic expressions.
· Examples:
o It’s raining cats and dogs outside.
o He hit the nail on the head with his suggestion.
Omission of Article: The
1. Famous Books"The" is not used before names of famous books if the writers' names are mentioned before the names. However, "the" is used if the writers' names come after.
o Incorrect: The Agnibina of Nazrul is a beautiful work of art.
o Correct: Nazrul's Agnibina is a beautiful work of art.
o Incorrect: The Odyssey of Homer is considered a classic.
o Correct: Homer's Odyssey is considered a classic.
o Incorrect: The Mahabharata of Vyasa is an epic tale.
o Correct: Vyasa's Mahabharata is an epic tale.
o Incorrect: The Catcher in the Rye by Salinger explores themes of alienation.
o Correct: Salinger's Catcher in the Rye explores themes of alienation.
2. Buildings for Primary Use"The" is not used before words like bed, mosque, church, hospital, prison, school, college, university, and court when thinking of their primary purposes.
o Incorrect: After I leave the school, I want to go to college.
o Correct: After I leave school, I want to go to college.
o Incorrect: Mr. Rahim is in the prison for a murder.
o Correct: Mr. Rahim is in prison for a murder.
o Incorrect: Mr. Karim goes to the mosque on Friday.
o Correct: Mr. Karim goes to mosque on Friday.
o Incorrect: She is working at the hospital this week.
o Correct: She is working at hospital this week.
However, when these words are used for special purposes, they take "the" before them.
o Incorrect: Mr. Khari went to the school to meet his son's teacher.
o Correct: Mr. Khari went to the school to meet his son's teacher.
o Incorrect: Mr. Rahim went to the prison to see Karim.
o Correct: Mr. Rahim went to the prison to see Karim.
o Incorrect: She went to the hospital to visit her friend.
o Correct: She went to the hospital to visit her friend.
o Incorrect: We visited the church for a wedding ceremony.
o Correct: We visited the church for a wedding ceremony.
3. Home with Descriptive Words"Home" preceded by descriptive words or phrases does not take an article.
o Incorrect: We arrived at the bride's home after the ceremony.
o Correct: We arrived at the bride's home after the ceremony.
o Incorrect: She visited the new couple's home for dinner.
o Correct: She visited the new couple's home for dinner.
o Incorrect: We stayed at the author's home during the book festival.
o Correct: We stayed at the author's home during the book festival.
o Incorrect: He returned to the old woman's home to help her.
o Correct: He returned to the old woman's home to help her.
But when there is no descriptive word or phrase before home, it takes "the" before it.
o Incorrect: This was the home for the queen during her reign.
o Correct: This was the home for the queen during her reign.
o Incorrect: He finally returned to the home of his childhood.
o Correct: He finally returned to the home of his childhood.
o Incorrect: I love visiting the home where I grew up.
o Correct: I love visiting the home where I grew up.
o Incorrect: They celebrated their anniversary in the home of their friends.
o Correct: They celebrated their anniversary in the home of their friends.
4. SeasonsNo article is used before nouns of seasons, though the definite article may also be found in certain general statements.
o Incorrect: The rain has set in for the summer season.
o Correct: Rain has set in for the summer season.
o Incorrect: The summer is my favorite time of year.
o Correct: Summer is my favorite time of year.
o Incorrect: The winter can be quite harsh in this region.
o Correct: Winter can be quite harsh in this region.
o Incorrect: The spring brings beautiful flowers to the garden.
o Correct: Spring brings beautiful flowers to the garden.
5. Names of Streets, Avenues, etc.No article is used before names of streets, avenues, squares, buildings, parks, etc.
o Incorrect: In the morning, I go to the Bahadurshah Park.
o Correct: In the morning, I go to Bahadurshah Park.
o Incorrect: He bought a shop in the Park Street area.
o Correct: He bought a shop in Park Street area.
o Incorrect: We had a picnic in the Central Park last week.
o Correct: We had a picnic in Central Park last week.
o Incorrect: She lives on the Elm Street in the neighborhood.
o Correct: She lives on Elm Street in the neighborhood.
However, "the" is used if the word "road" is mentioned at the end of a name of a road.
o Incorrect: He bought a shop on the Mirpur.
o Correct: He bought a shop on Mirpur Road.
o Incorrect: They took a drive along the Main.
o Correct: They took a drive along Main Street.
o Incorrect: We met at the First Avenue yesterday.
o Correct: We met at First Avenue yesterday.
o Incorrect: She works on the High Street every day.
o Correct: She works on High Street every day.
6. Proper, Abstract, Material, and Plural Common Nouns"The" is not normally used before proper, abstract, material, and plural common nouns.
o Incorrect: The Dhaka is a populous city.
o Correct: Dhaka is a populous city.
o Incorrect: The Forgiveness is a great virtue.
o Correct: Forgiveness is a great virtue.
o Incorrect: The Iron is a useful metal in construction.
o Correct: Iron is a useful metal in construction.
o Incorrect: The Cows give us milk every day.
o Correct: Cows give us milk every day.
However, "the" is used before plural common nouns when they are particularized.
o Incorrect: The women in the hall are all in red sarees.
o Correct: The women in the hall are all in red sarees.
o Incorrect: The flowers in his garden are blooming.
o Correct: The flowers in his garden are blooming.
o Incorrect: The teachers in our school are very dedicated.
o Correct: The teachers in our school are very dedicated.
o Incorrect: The children in the park are playing happily.
o Correct: The children in the park are playing happily.
7. Common Nouns Modifying Proper NounsNo article is used before common nouns that modify proper nouns. Such common nouns function as adjectives.
o Incorrect: The Principal Jalaluddin was a man of strict principles.
o Correct: Principal Jalaluddin was a man of strict principles.
o Incorrect: The Doctor Ahmed will see you now.
o Correct: Doctor Ahmed will see you now.
o Incorrect: The Professor Smith is giving a lecture today.
o Correct: Professor Smith is giving a lecture today.
o Incorrect: The Captain Rahman led the team to victory.
o Correct: Captain Rahman led the team to victory.
8. Common Nouns Qualified by Pronominal and Numeral AdjectivesNo article is used before common nouns that are qualified by pronominal and numeral adjectives.
o Incorrect: The This is my book on grammar.
o Correct: This is my book on grammar.
o Incorrect: The Each boy has a separate room in the dormitory.
o Correct: Each boy has a separate room in the dormitory.
o Incorrect: The Some students have not completed their assignments.
o Correct: Some students have not completed their assignments.
o Incorrect: The Every teacher in this school is dedicated.
o Correct: Every teacher in this school is dedicated.
9. No Article Before Nouns Denoting Unique Things"The" is not used before unique nouns that are universally known or understood.
o Incorrect: The Sun rises in the east.
o Correct: Sun rises in the east.
o Incorrect: The Earth revolves around the Sun.
o Correct: Earth revolves around the Sun.
o Incorrect: The Moon has various phases.
o Correct: Moon has various phases.
o Incorrect: The Universe is vast and mysterious.
o Correct: Universe is vast and mysterious.
10. Titles in AppositionNo article is used before titles when they are in apposition to a noun.
· Incorrect: The Dr. Enamul Haque, Vice-Chancellor of Jahangir Nagar University, was a scholar.
· Correct: Dr. Enamul Haque, Vice-Chancellor of Jahangir Nagar University, was a scholar.
· Incorrect: The Mr. Smith, our neighbor, is a great cook.
· Correct: Mr. Smith, our neighbor, is a great cook.
· Incorrect: The President Obama addressed the nation yesterday.
· Correct: President Obama addressed the nation yesterday.
· Incorrect: The Captain Ahmed was awarded for his bravery.
· Correct: Captain Ahmed was awarded for his bravery.
11. Names of LanguagesNo article is used before names of languages.
· Incorrect: The English is an international language.
· Correct: English is an international language.
· Incorrect: The French is known for its elegance.
· Correct: French is known for its elegance.
· Incorrect: The Spanish language is rich in culture.
· Correct: Spanish is rich in culture.
· Incorrect: The Bengali is spoken by millions.
· Correct: Bengali is spoken by millions.
But if the word "language" is used after the names, the definite article "the" is used.
· Incorrect: The Arabic language is beautiful.
· Correct: The Arabic language is beautiful.
· Incorrect: The Chinese language has many dialects.
· Correct: The Chinese language has many dialects.
· Incorrect: The Hindi language is widely spoken in India.
· Correct: The Hindi language is widely spoken in India.
· Incorrect: The Russian language uses a different alphabet.
· Correct: The Russian language uses a different alphabet.
12. Names of Lakes"The" is not used before the names of lakes.
· Incorrect: The Lake Superior is one of the Great Lakes.
· Correct: Lake Superior is one of the Great Lakes.
· Incorrect: The Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
· Correct: Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
· Incorrect: The Lake Caspian is the largest enclosed inland body of water.
· Correct: Lake Caspian is the largest enclosed inland body of water.
· Incorrect: The Lake Victoria is famous for its biodiversity.
· Correct: Lake Victoria is famous for its biodiversity.
13. Days and Months"The" is not used before the names of days and months.
· Incorrect: The Friday was an eventful day.
· Correct: Friday was an eventful day.
· Incorrect: The January is a cold month in many countries.
· Correct: January is a cold month in many countries.
· Incorrect: The Monday blues are real for many workers.
· Correct: Monday blues are real for many workers.
· Incorrect: The December is when winter officially begins.
· Correct: December is when winter officially begins.
14. Names of Diseases"The" is not used before the names of diseases.
· Incorrect: The Cholera has broken out in the village.
· Correct: Cholera has broken out in the village.
· Incorrect: The Diabetes is a common health issue.
· Correct: Diabetes is a common health issue.
· Incorrect: The Malaria is prevalent in tropical regions.
· Correct: Malaria is prevalent in tropical regions.
· Incorrect: The Tuberculosis is a serious disease.
· Correct: Tuberculosis is a serious disease.
Exception: "The" is used for certain diseases.
· Incorrect: The gout can be quite painful.
· Correct: The gout can be quite painful.
· Incorrect: The measles outbreak was alarming.
· Correct: The measles outbreak was alarming.
· Incorrect: The mumps can cause swelling.
· Correct: The mumps can cause swelling.
· Incorrect: The chickenpox can be very contagious.
· Correct: The chickenpox can be very contagious.
15. Complements of Certain VerbsNo article is used before complements of verbs such as nominate, elect, select, make, appoint, crown, choose, etc.
· Incorrect: We made him the chairman of the committee.
· Correct: We made him chairman of the committee.
· Incorrect: They elected me the captain of the team.
· Correct: They elected me captain of the team.
· Incorrect: She appointed him the manager of the store.
· Correct: She appointed him manager of the store.
· Incorrect: They chose her the leader of the group.
· Correct: They chose her leader of the group.
Note: "The" is used to make the complement definite.
· Incorrect: We made him chairman of the committee.
· Correct: We made him the chairman of the committee.
· Incorrect: They elected her captain of the team.
· Correct: They elected her the captain of the team.
· Incorrect: He appointed her manager of the restaurant.
· Correct: He appointed her the manager of the restaurant.
· Incorrect: They chose him leader of the project.
· Correct: They chose him the leader of the project.
16. Allah or GodNo article is used before Allah or God.
· Incorrect: The Allah has created this earth.
· Correct: Allah has created this earth.
· Incorrect: The God loves all his creations.
· Correct: God loves all his creations.
· Incorrect: The God is merciful and kind.
· Correct: God is merciful and kind.
· Incorrect: The Allah is the one we worship.
· Correct: Allah is the one we worship.
17. Parts of the Body or Dresses"The" is not used before parts of the body or dresses because they function as possessive adjectives.
· Incorrect: Raise the your left hand.
· Correct: Raise your left hand.
· Incorrect: He took off the his shirt.
· Correct: He took off his shirt.
· Incorrect: She washed the her hair last night.
· Correct: She washed her hair last night.
· Incorrect: They put on the their shoes before leaving.
· Correct: They put on their shoes before leaving.
18. Names of Games"The" is not used before the names of games.
· Incorrect: He plays the football every weekend.
· Correct: He plays football every weekend.
· Incorrect: She loves the basketball and watches it often.
· Correct: She loves basketball and watches it often.
· Incorrect: They often play the cricket in the park.
· Correct: They often play cricket in the park.
· Incorrect: We enjoy watching the tennis on TV.
· Correct: We enjoy watching tennis on TV.
19. Forms of Transport or Journey RoutesNo article is used before a form of transport or before a journey route.
· Incorrect: I travel by the bus every morning.
· Correct: I travel by bus every morning.
· Incorrect: They went to work by the train.
· Correct: They went to work by train.
· Incorrect: He traveled by the air to reach the island.
· Correct: He traveled by air to reach the island.
· Incorrect: We crossed the river by the boat.
· Correct: We crossed the river by boat.
20. Singular Common Nouns in PhrasesNo article is used before singular common nouns used in a phrase.
· Incorrect: He went there on the foot.
· Correct: He went there on foot.
· Incorrect: She begs from the door to door.
· Correct: She begs from door to door.
· Incorrect: They traveled from the home to home.
· Correct: They traveled from home to home.
· Incorrect: We walked from the shop to shop.
· Correct: We walked from shop to shop.
Repetition of Articles
1. Adjectives Referring to the Same NounWhen two or more adjectives refer to the same noun, only the first adjective takes the article. This is because the article applies to the entire noun phrase.
o Examples:
§ He has a red and white horse.
§ She wore a long and elegant dress.
§ They built a small and cozy cabin.
§ I saw a tall and imposing building.
§ She adopted a friendly and playful puppy.
If the adjectives qualify different nouns, the article must be placed before each noun.
o Examples:
§ I have a red horse and a white horse.
§ He bought a new car and a used motorcycle.
§ She is reading a fascinating novel and a boring textbook.
§ We need a sturdy table and a comfortable chair.
§ He has a black cat and a brown dog.
2. Nouns Joined by 'And' Referring to the Same ThingWhen two or more nouns joined by 'and' refer to the same entity, the article is only placed before the first noun.
o Examples:
§ The Headmaster and secretary is present in the meeting.
§ The teacher and principal attended the conference.
§ The author and editor collaborated on the book.
§ The singer and songwriter performed together.
§ The engineer and architect designed the project.
However, if the nouns refer to different individuals or things, the article must be repeated before each noun.
o Examples:
§ The Headmaster and the secretary are present in the meeting.
§ The teacher and the principal have different responsibilities.
§ The author and the editor had different viewpoints.
§ The singer and the songwriter are both famous.
§ The engineer and the architect have their own styles.
3. Multiple Adjectives Before a Singular NounWhen two or more adjectives are used before a singular noun, the article is placed before each adjective. This emphasizes the distinct qualities of the noun.
o Examples:
§ I have read the fourth and the fifth chapters of the book.
§ She presented the beautiful and the intricate design.
§ He enjoys the classic and the modern styles of music.
§ They visited the grand and the historic castle.
§ She wore the elegant and the shimmering dress to the event.
4. Change of Meaning with ArticlesThe presence or absence of articles can significantly change the meaning of a sentence.
o Examples:
§ I have few books. (implies not many, almost none)
§ I have a few books. (implies some, at least two or three)
§ I have the few friends I can trust. (implies not many, but all of those friends are significant)
§ He has little time left. (implies not much time)
§ He has a little time to spare. (implies some time is available)
§ The child has the little money he saved. (implies not much, but all of it is available)
§ I received few compliments today. (implies hardly any)
§ I received a few compliments on my presentation. (implies some positive feedback)
§ She has little patience for interruptions. (implies very little)
§ She has a little patience when teaching. (implies some patience, enough to handle it)
5. Comparison with NounsIn comparison, if two nouns refer to the same object, the article is placed only before the first noun. This structure indicates that the nouns describe a single subject.
o Examples:
§ She is a better singer than dancer. (implies the same person is being compared)
§ He is a faster runner than swimmer. (implies the same individual is being evaluated)
§ She is an accomplished artist than writer. (implies one person with multiple talents)
§ He is a more diligent student than athlete. (implies the same person holds both roles)
§ They are the finest chefs than bakers. (implies one individual is being referred to in both capacities)
If the nouns refer to different objects or individuals, the article must be placed before each noun.
o Examples:
§ She is a better singer than a dancer. (implies two different individuals)
§ He is a faster runner than a swimmer. (implies comparing two different individuals)
§ She is an accomplished artist than a writer. (indicating two distinct professions)
§ He is a more diligent student than a teacher. (implies different roles)
§ They are the finest chefs than the bakers in town. (implying two separate groups)
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