Cambridge IELTS ACADEMIC READING 1
Test-1 READING PASSAGE 1
NUTMEG – A VALUABLE SPICE
Native - originating from a particular place or region.
Example: The panda is native to China.
Evergreen - a type of tree or plant that retains its leaves throughout the year.
Example: Pine trees are evergreen and stay green even in winter.
Foliage - the leaves of a plant or tree.
Example: The dense foliage provided shade in the forest.
Bell-shaped - having the shape of a bell.
Example: The flowers on the tree were small and bell-shaped.
Husk - the outer covering or shell of a fruit or seed.
Example: Corn is protected by a husk.
Ripe - fully matured and ready to be eaten or harvested.
Example: The bananas are ripe and ready to be picked.
Shiny - having a bright, glossy surface.
Example: Her new shoes were shiny and clean.
Aril - a red or crimson covering on certain seeds or fruits.
Example: The aril of the nutmeg seed is used to produce mace.
Prized - highly valued or treasured.
Example: The antique vase was prized by collectors.
Cuisine - the style or method of cooking and preparing food.
Example: French cuisine is known for its delicious pastries.
Exclusive - limited to a particular group or set of people.
Example: The club had an exclusive membership.
Importers - people or companies that bring goods from one country into another.
Example: The importers brought exotic spices to Europe.
Dominance - the state of being in control or having authority over others.
Example: The company gained dominance in the market.
Subcontracting - hiring another company or individual to perform part of a larger job.
Example: They subcontracted the manufacturing of components.
Profits - financial gains or earnings.
Example: The company's profits increased significantly.
Swiftly - quickly or rapidly.
Example: The car sped swiftly down the highway.
Plague - a contagious and often deadly disease.
Example: The bubonic plague spread rapidly in medieval Europe.
Desperate - feeling a strong sense of urgency or hopelessness.
Example: She was desperate to find her lost keys.
Example: The store had a short supply of hand sanitizer during the pandemic.
Opportunity - a favorable or advantageous circumstance or chance.
Example: The job offer was a great opportunity for her career.
Neutral - not taking sides or remaining impartial.
Example: Switzerland is known for its neutral stance in conflicts.
Investment - putting money or resources into a business or venture with the expectation of future profit.
Example: Real estate can be a profitable investment.
Compromise - an agreement reached through mutual concessions or negotiation.
Example: They reached a compromise on the terms of the contract.
Monopoly - exclusive control or domination of a market or industry.
Example: The company had a monopoly on the smartphone market.
Smuggled - transported or brought secretly and illegally.
Example: The smuggled goods were hidden in the truck.
Precious - highly valuable or cherished.
Example: Family heirlooms are often considered precious.
Eruption - a sudden and violent outburst, such as a volcanic eruption.
Example: The eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii.
Tsunami - a large ocean wave caused by underwater seismic activity.
Example: The tsunami caused widespread destruction along the coast.
Groves - small groups of trees or a collection of trees.
Example: The orange groves in Florida produce delicious fruit.
Transplanting - moving a plant or tree from one location to another.
Example: They were transplanting flowers to the garden.
Monopoly - exclusive control or domination of a market or industry.
Example: The company had a monopoly on the smartphone market.
Estimated - roughly calculated or assessed.
Example: The estimated cost of the project is $1 million.
Tonnes - a metric unit of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms.
Example: The cargo ship carried thousands of tonnes of cargo.
Harvested - collected or gathered crops or resources.
Example: The farmers harvested the wheat in the fall.
Average - the typical or usual amount or quality.
Example: The average temperature in July is 30 degrees Celsius.
Commodity - a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold.
Example: Oil is a valuable commodity in the global market.
Contagious - capable of being transmitted from one person or organism to another.
Example: The flu is a highly contagious disease.
Cure - a solution or treatment that restores health or alleviates a condition.
Example: Antibiotics are used to cure bacterial infections.
Compensation - something given or received as payment or reparation.
Example: The company offered compensation to the injured workers.
Severely - in a manner that is very harsh or intense.
Example: The storm severely damaged the coastal town.
Authority - the power or right to make decisions and enforce rules.
Example: The police have authority to maintain order.
Uprooting - forcibly removing or pulling something out of its place.
Example: The hurricane uprooted many trees.
Lock out - prevent access or entry to a place.
Example: The manager decided to lock out employees during the strike.
Obstacle - something that blocks or hinders progress or movement.
Example: Lack of funding is a major obstacle to the project.
Monumental - of great significance or importance.
Example: The discovery of a cure for the disease was a monumental achievement.
Exported - sent or transported goods to another country for sale or trade.
Example: The company exported its products to overseas markets.
Distant - far away in space or time.
Example: The island they traded for was a distant territory.
Thrived - grew vigorously or prospered.
Example: The business thrived in a competitive market.
Valuable - having great worth or importance.
Example: The antique vase was valuable due to its rarity.
Nutritional - related to the nourishment and health benefits of food.
Example: Fruits and vegetables provide important nutritional value.
READING PASSAGE 2
Automation - the use of largely automatic equipment in a system or process.
Example: Automation has improved efficiency in manufacturing.
Reliability - the quality of being trustworthy or dependable.
Example: The car's reliability makes it a popular choice among consumers.
Flexibility - the ability to adapt to different situations or requirements.
Example: The flexible scheduling options at work allow for better work-life balance.
Significant - important, noteworthy, or having a noticeable impact.
Example: There has been a significant increase in sales this quarter.
Contributory - making a contribution or playing a role in a situation.
Example: Poor road conditions were a contributory factor in the accident.
Progress - forward movement or advancement.
Example: Technological progress has transformed many industries.
Safety - the condition of being free from harm, danger, or risk.
Example: Wearing a seatbelt is essential for road safety.
Productive - producing or achieving results efficiently.
Example: The team had a highly productive meeting and made significant progress.
Socialize - to interact and engage with others in a social setting.
Example: After work, they often socialize with colleagues at a local bar.
Autonomy - the ability to make decisions and take actions independently.
Example: Giving employees more autonomy can lead to higher job satisfaction.
Implications - the possible effects or consequences of a decision or action.
Example: The implications of the new policy are still being discussed.
Initiatives - actions or strategies taken to achieve a specific goal.
Example: The government launched initiatives to promote renewable energy.
Viability - the ability to succeed or be effective.
Example: The viability of the project depends on securing sufficient funding.
Viable - capable of working successfully or being effective.
Example: Their business plan is viable and has great potential.
Intensively - in a concentrated or highly focused manner.
Example: She studied intensively for the upcoming exam.
Ownership - the state or fact of possessing something.
Example: Homeownership is a common goal for many people.
Compromise - an agreement reached by mutual concessions.
Example: They reached a compromise on the issue of working hours.
Consumer - a person who purchases and uses goods or services.
Example: Consumer demand for organic products is on the rise.
Liability - the state of being responsible for something, especially a debt or obligation.
Example: The company's liability insurance covers accidents on its premises.
Enforcement - the act of ensuring compliance with laws or regulations.
Example: Law enforcement agencies work to maintain public safety.
Robust - strong, resilient, and able to withstand challenges.
Example: The software has a robust security system to protect against cyberattacks.
Concrete - specific, tangible, or real rather than abstract.
Example: We need concrete evidence to support our claims.
Telepresence - the technology that allows a person to be present at a location without physically being there.
Example: Telepresence technology is used in video conferencing.
Virtual reality - a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment.
Example: Virtual reality games provide immersive experiences for players.
Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking.
Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance.
Trust - a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something.
Example: Building trust with customers is crucial for business success.
Vital - essential or necessary for life or a particular purpose.
Example: Oxygen is vital for human survival.
Horizon - the limit of what one can know, understand, or see.
Example: The project expands our knowledge beyond the current horizon.
Challenges - difficulties or obstacles that require effort to overcome.
Example: Overcoming challenges is part of personal growth.
Conquered - successfully overcome or defeated.
Example: They conquered their fear of public speaking.
Landscape - the visible features of an area of land.
Example: The desert landscape is known for its vast sand dunes.
Infinite - limitless or without end.
Example: The universe is believed to be infinite in size.
Traffic - the movement of vehicles on roads or streets.
Example: Heavy traffic during rush hour can cause delays.
Weather - the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.
Example: The weather forecast predicts rain for tomorrow.
Regulatory - relating to the rules and regulations governing an industry or activity.
Example: The regulatory agency oversees safety standards in the food industry.
Communities - groups of people living in the same area or sharing common interests.
Example: Local communities often organize events for residents.
Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking.
Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance.
Intensive - involving a high level of effort or concentration.
Example: The intensive training program prepared athletes for the competition.
Access - the opportunity or ability to use or obtain something.
Example: Everyone should have equal access to education.
Specialized - designed or developed for a specific purpose or function.
Example: The hospital has specialized equipment for surgery.
Exceptional - unusually good or outstanding.
Example: Her performance in the play was truly exceptional.
Hurdles - obstacles or challenges that must be overcome.
Example: They faced several hurdles while launching the new product.
Predictions - statements about what will happen in the future.
Example: Weather predictions indicate a cold front moving in.
Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking.
Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance.
Essential - absolutely necessary or crucial.
Example: Water is essential for human survival.
Delivery - the act of bringing something to a destination or recipient.
Example: The delivery of the package was delayed due to bad weather.
Technological - related to the use of technology or advanced methods.
Example: Technological advancements have transformed communication.
Consequences - the results or outcomes of a particular action or situation.
Example: The consequences of the decision were unexpected.
Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking.
Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance.
Need - a requirement or necessity for something.
Example: There is a growing need for affordable housing in the city.
READING PASSAGE 3
Explorers - individuals who travel to discover new places or information.
Example: Many explorers throughout history have embarked on dangerous journeys.
Discover - to find or learn about something for the first time.
Example: The explorer was determined to discover new lands.
Species - a group of living organisms with similar characteristics.
Example: There are thousands of different species of birds in the world.
Mapped - to create a visual representation of an area.
Example: The explorers carefully mapped the uncharted territory.
Expeditions - organized journeys, often for exploration or research.
Example: The scientific expedition aimed to study the Arctic ecosystem.
Objective - a specific goal or purpose.
Example: The primary objective of the mission was to collect geological samples.
Criteria - standards or rules used to evaluate or make decisions.
Example: The selection criteria for the scholarship program were strict.
Bias - a prejudice or preference that affects one's judgment.
Example: It's important to avoid bias when conducting scientific research.
Isolated - remote or far away from civilization.
Example: The remote island was isolated from the mainland.
Uncontacted - referring to tribes or groups of people who have had little or no contact with the outside world.
Example: The expedition aimed to study uncontacted tribes in the Amazon rainforest.
Details - specific pieces of information or small parts of a larger whole.
Example: The detective paid attention to every detail of the crime scene.
Habits - regular behaviors or routines.
Example: Eating a healthy breakfast is a good habit to have.
Microbes - tiny organisms, such as bacteria or viruses.
Example: Microbes play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter.
Specialists - experts or individuals with specialized knowledge in a particular field.
Example: The medical team included specialists in various areas of healthcare.
Interpretation - the act of explaining or understanding something in a particular way.
Example: The artist's interpretation of the painting was unique.
Continental - relating to or located on a continent.
Example: Africa is known for its diverse continental landscapes.
Well-traveled - having been visited or explored by many people.
Example: The well-traveled route was popular among tourists.
Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their environment.
Example: The preservation of the rainforest is essential for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
Conveying - communicating or expressing a message or information.
Example: Effective storytelling is key to conveying the importance of a cause.
Insights - valuable or deep understandings or perceptions.
Example: The scientist's research provided new insights into climate change.
Success - the achievement of a desired goal or outcome.
Example: Hard work and dedication are often key to success.
Pioneers - individuals who are the first to explore or develop a new area or idea.
Example: The pioneers of space exploration made history with their achievements.
Remote - distant or far away from populated areas.
Example: The remote mountain village had limited access to modern amenities.
Records - written or documented information.
Example: The historical records of the ancient civilization were well-preserved.
Desires - strong wants or wishes for something.
Example: Her desire to travel the world led her on many adventures.
Objective - a specific goal or purpose.
Example: The team's objective was to reach the summit of the mountain.
Objective - unbiased and based on facts rather than personal feelings.
Example: The journalist presented an objective report of the event.
Significant - important or having a notable impact.
Example: The discovery of a new species was a significant achievement for the biologist.
Existence - the state of being or the fact of being real or present.
Example: The existence of ancient civilizations has fascinated historians for centuries.
Venturing - going on a journey or undertaking a risky endeavor.
Example: Venturing into the unknown can be both exciting and challenging.
Explored - investigated or examined thoroughly.
Example: The team explored the cave to search for hidden treasures.
Recognize - to acknowledge or identify something as known or familiar.
Example: She couldn't recognize the place after so many years.
Caveman - a prehistoric human who lived in caves.
Example: Archaeologists discovered ancient tools used by cavemen.
Questing - actively searching or seeking something.
Example: The questing spirit of adventurers led to the exploration of new lands.
Success - the accomplishment of a goal or achievement.
Example: Her success in the business world was well-deserved.
Curiosity - a strong desire to know or learn something.
Example: Children often have a natural curiosity about the world around them.
Particular - specific or focused on a certain thing.
Example: She had a particular interest in astronomy.
Uncharted - not mapped or explored; unknown.
Example: The explorers set out to chart the uncharted territory.
Enquiry - the act of seeking information or investigating.
Example: The police conducted an enquiry into the robbery.
Inclined - having a tendency or preference for something.
Example: She was inclined to choose the adventurous path.
Encounters - meetings or experiences, often unexpectedly.
Example: Their encounter with a rare species of bird was a highlight of the trip.
Era - a period of time marked by significant events or characteristics.
Example: The Victorian era was known for its cultural and social changes.
Heritage - the cultural or historical legacy passed down through generations.
Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.
Infinite - limitless or without end.
Example: The universe's vastness seems almost infinite.
Humanity - the collective qualities, values, and characteristics of human beings.
Example: Acts of kindness demonstrate the humanity of individuals.
Voyages - long journeys, often by sea or through space.
Example: The voyages of early explorers opened up new trade routes.
Rediscover - to find or encounter something again, often after it has been forgotten.
Example: The archaeologists rediscovered the lost city buried beneath the sand.
Gathered - collected or assembled in one place.
Example: The scientists gathered data from various experiments.
Pioneer - a person who is among the first to explore or settle in a new area.
Example: The pioneer settlers faced many challenges in the wilderness.
Innovations - new ideas, methods, or inventions.
Example: Technological innovations have revolutionized the way we communicate.
ACADEMIC READING TEST 2
COULD URBAN ENGINEERS LEARN FROM DANCE? READING ANSWERS
Sustainable - capable of being maintained or continued over the long term without harming the environment.
Example: The company adopted sustainable practices to reduce its carbon footprint.
Environmental - relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it.
Example: Environmental protection is essential for preserving our planet.
Urban design - the planning and organization of the physical elements of cities, such as buildings, streets, and public spaces.
Example: Good urban design can enhance the quality of life in a city.
Choreographers - individuals who create and design dance movements and sequences.
Example: The choreographer choreographed a stunning ballet performance.
Blueprint - a detailed plan or design that outlines how something is to be constructed or developed.
Example: The architect presented the blueprint for the new building.
Intimate - characterized by a close and personal connection or knowledge.
Example: They shared an intimate bond that had developed over many years.
Detach - to separate or disconnect from something.
Example: The artist wanted to detach himself from traditional art forms.
Simplifying - making something easier to understand or deal with.
Example: The simplifying of complex concepts is crucial for effective communication.
Pedestrian-friendly - designed to be safe and convenient for pedestrians (people who walk).
Example: The city implemented pedestrian-friendly policies to encourage walking.
Operate - to function or work in a specific way.
Example: The new computer system will operate more efficiently.
Predict - to forecast or estimate what will happen in the future based on available information.
Example: Weather forecasters predict rain for tomorrow.
Counter-intuitive - contrary to what would seem logical or expected.
Example: The results of the experiment were counter-intuitive and surprising.
Guard rails - protective barriers or railings often used on roads to prevent accidents.
Example: The guard rails along the highway provide safety for drivers.
Crossings - designated places where pedestrians can cross a road or street.
Example: The pedestrian crossings are marked with zebra stripes.
Staggered - arranged or spaced at different intervals or levels.
Example: The students had staggered schedules for their classes.
Psychological - relating to the mental and emotional aspects of a person's well-being.
Example: The therapist provides psychological support to patients.
Barriers - obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or movement.
Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.
Communities - groups of people living in the same area or sharing common interests.
Example: The local community organized a charity event.
Disruption - disturbance or interruption that causes a breakdown in normal activities.
Example: The strike caused significant disruption to public transportation.
Richer understanding - a deeper or more comprehensive comprehension of a subject.
Example: Education provides students with a richer understanding of the world.
Choreography - the art of creating and arranging dance movements.
Example: The choreography of the ballet was beautifully executed.
Aesthetic - relating to the beauty or artistic qualities of something.
Example: The gallery showcased a collection of aesthetic paintings.
Cognitive - relating to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and memory.
Example: Cognitive development is crucial for children's learning.
Simulate - to imitate or replicate the conditions or characteristics of something.
Example: Flight simulators are used to train pilots.
Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.
Example: The concept of time is abstract and cannot be touched.
Emotional effects - the impact or influence of something on a person's feelings or emotions.
Example: The movie had a profound emotional effect on the audience.
Engineering - the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build systems, structures, or devices.
Example: Civil engineering involves designing and constructing bridges and roads.
Patterns - regular or repeated arrangements or sequences.
Example: The artist used patterns of color to create a visually appealing design.
Specialists - experts or individuals with specialized knowledge or skills in a particular field.
Example: Medical specialists provide advanced care for specific health conditions.
Improvisise - to create or perform spontaneously without preparation.
Example: Jazz musicians often improvise during live performances.
Feedback - information or responses provided in reaction to a particular action or situation.
Example: Customer feedback is valuable for improving product quality.
Objective - a specific goal or purpose that is pursued.
Example: The objective of the project is to increase efficiency.
Transportation - the movement of people or goods from one place to another.
Example: Public transportation is an essential part of urban life.
Well-being - the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.
Example: Regular exercise contributes to physical well-being.
Stimulate - to encourage or prompt the development of new ideas or activity.
Example: Creative environments can stimulate innovation.
Interpretation - the act of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something.
Example: Literary interpretation can vary among different readers.
World views - individual perspectives or beliefs about the world and how it operates.
Example: Cultural differences often result in diverse world views.
Imagination - the ability to form mental images or concepts of things not actually present.
Example: Children have vivid imaginations and create imaginary worlds.
Limitations - restrictions or constraints that define the boundaries of what is possible.
Example: The project faced limitations in terms of time and budget.
Physical knowledge - information gained through direct physical experience or interaction.
Example: Athletes possess physical knowledge of their sport's techniques.
Formal engineering design processes - established methods and procedures used in engineering for designing and creating products or systems.
Example: The aerospace industry follows formal engineering design processes to develop aircraft.
Emotional - relating to or involving feelings, moods, and emotions.
Example: Emotional intelligence is essential for effective communication.
Expeditions - organized journeys or trips, often for exploration or research purposes.
Example: The scientific expedition aimed to study wildlife in the rainforest.
Exposure - the state of being exposed to something, such as an experience or environment.
Example: Traveling provides exposure to different cultures and lifestyles.
Voyages - long journeys, typically by sea or space, often with a specific purpose or destination.
Example: The historic voyages of exploration opened up new trade routes.
Well-traveled - having a lot of experience or familiarity with traveling to different places.
Example: The well-traveled journalist covered stories from around the world.
Habits - regular behaviors or routines that people often follow.
Example: Developing healthy eating habits can improve one's overall well-being.
Urbanist - a person who specializes in the study and planning of urban areas and cities.
Example: The urbanist proposed improvements to the city's public transportation system.
Blueprint - a detailed plan or design that outlines how something is to be constructed or developed.
Example: The architect presented the blueprint for the new building.
Psychological - relating to the mental and emotional aspects of a person's well-being.
Example: The therapist provides psychological support to patients.
READING PASSAGE 2
Spectacles - remarkable or impressive displays.
Example: The fireworks show was a spectacular event.
De-extinction - the process of bringing extinct species back to life.
Example: Scientists are exploring de-extinction as a means to revive extinct animals.
Cloning - the process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism.
Example: The sheep named Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.
Embryo - a developing stage of an organism before it becomes fully formed.
Example: The embryonic stage of a human begins shortly after fertilization.
Pioneering - involving new ideas, methods, or technologies.
Example: The scientist made pioneering discoveries in the field of genetics.
Trialled - tested or evaluated in a trial or experiment.
Example: The new drug is currently being trialled to assess its effectiveness.
Niche - a specific role or position within an ecosystem.
Example: The owl occupies a nocturnal hunting niche in the forest ecosystem.
Facial tumour syndrome - a condition characterized by tumors on the face.
Example: The facial tumour syndrome in Tasmanian devils poses a serious threat to their population.
Contagious - capable of being transmitted from one person or organism to another.
Example: The flu is a contagious disease that spreads easily.
Burned out - extinguished or eradicated.
Example: The wildfire eventually burned out after days of intense firefighting.
Existence - the state or fact of living or being.
Example: The existence of rare species is a topic of concern for conservationists.
Template - a pattern or model used as a guide for something.
Example: The template for the website design made the development process easier.
Insertion - the act of putting something into a particular place or position.
Example: The insertion of the key into the lock allowed the door to open.
Hybrid - an organism produced by crossing two different species.
Example: A mule is a hybrid resulting from the crossbreeding of a horse and a donkey.
Ecosystems - communities of organisms and their physical environments.
Example: Coral reefs are diverse and fragile marine ecosystems.
Stagnant - lacking in activity, growth, or development.
Example: The stagnant economy was in need of revitalization.
Regenerate - to renew or restore to a better state.
Example: After the forest fire, new trees began to regenerate.
Prioritize - to rank or arrange in order of importance.
Example: It's essential to prioritize safety in any construction project.
Cold resistance - the ability to withstand low temperatures.
Example: Certain plants have developed cold resistance to survive winter months.
Tundra - a vast, treeless Arctic region with low-lying vegetation.
Example: Polar bears are well-adapted to the harsh conditions of the tundra.
Insulating - providing protection or insulation against heat or cold.
Example: The insulating properties of the jacket kept the hiker warm in freezing temperatures.
Repopulate - to restore a population to a particular area.
Example: Efforts are underway to repopulate the endangered species in its native habitat.
Boreal - relating to the northern regions, especially coniferous forests.
Example: The boreal forest is home to a variety of wildlife.
Eurasia - the combined continent of Europe and Asia.
Example: The Eurasian landmass is the largest in the world.
Carbon emissions - the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Example: Decreasing carbon emissions is crucial for combating climate change.
Mitigate - to lessen or reduce the severity of something.
Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of air pollution.
Imaginations - creative and mental faculties for forming new ideas and images.
Example: The book's vivid descriptions captured readers' imaginations.
Threatened - at risk of harm, danger, or extinction.
Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect threatened species.
Emerging - becoming known or coming into view.
Example: Emerging technologies are reshaping various industries.
Modifications - changes or alterations made to something.
Example: The car underwent several modifications to improve fuel efficiency.
Calculated - carefully planned or considered.
Example: The decision was a calculated risk that paid off in the end.
Measured - careful and deliberate, done with caution.
Example: Her response was measured and thoughtful.
Hazard - a source of danger or risk.
Example: The chemical spill posed a hazard to the environment.
Genetic rescue - using genetics to preserve or restore threatened species.
Example: Genetic rescue programs aim to save endangered animals from extinction.
Mass extinctions - widespread and rapid declines in the diversity of life on Earth.
Example: The asteroid impact is believed to have caused one of the mass extinctions in Earth's history.
Genomics - the branch of genetics that studies the structure, function, and mapping of genomes.
Example: Genomics has revolutionized our understanding of DNA and genetics.
Replication - the process of copying or reproducing something.
Example: DNA replication is a fundamental biological process.
Repopulation - the act of replenishing or restocking a population.
Example: Efforts to reintroduce wolves to the area aim to repopulate their natural habitat.
Emerging technology - new and advancing technological innovations.
Example: The tech industry is constantly evolving with emerging technologies.
Faculties - inherent or natural powers or abilities.
Example: Her faculties for problem-solving made her an excellent engineer.
Devils - a reference to Tasmanian devils, a carnivorous marsupial native to Tasmania.
Example: Tasmanian devils are known for their distinctive facial markings.
Preserving - protecting or maintaining something in its original state.
Example: The museum is dedicated to preserving historical artifacts.
Spread - the extent or range of something's influence.
Example: The spread of the internet has transformed communication worldwide.
Niche - a specialized or unique role within a larger system.
Example: Each species occupies a specific niche within the ecosystem.
Threatens - poses a danger or risk to something.
Example: Pollution threatens the health of marine ecosystems.
Distinctive - unique or having qualities that make something easily recognizable.
Example: The artist's style is distinctive and easily identifiable.
Extinct - no longer in existence, especially as a living species.
Example: The dodo bird is an example of an extinct species.
Hybridized - combined or crossbred from two different species.
Example: Hybridized plants often exhibit traits from both parent species.
Revitalization - the act of renewing or rejuvenating something.
Example: Urban revitalization projects aim to improve city neighborhoods.
Punch holes - create openings or gaps in something.
Example: Woodpeckers punch holes in trees when searching for insects.
READING PASSAGE 3
Psychological scientists - experts or researchers in the field of psychology.
Example: Psychological scientists study human behavior and mental processes.
Stimuli - things that provoke a response or reaction.
Example: The experiment used various visual and auditory stimuli to elicit different reactions.
Universal - applicable or existing everywhere or for everyone.
Example: The concept of gravity is universal and affects all objects.
Adaptation - a change or adjustment to fit a new situation or environment.
Example: The polar bear's thick fur is an adaptation to the cold Arctic climate.
Social communication - the exchange of information and emotions among individuals within a group.
Example: Effective social communication is essential for building strong relationships.
Unpredictable - not able to be predicted or foreseen.
Example: Weather in the mountains can be unpredictable, with sudden changes in temperature.
Laughter - the act of making a sound expressing amusement or joy.
Example: The comedian's jokes always elicited hearty laughter from the audience.
Listener - a person who pays attention to and hears what is said.
Example: The attentive listener absorbed every word of the speaker's presentation.
Societies - groups of people living together and sharing customs, laws, and organizations.
Example: Different societies have varying cultural traditions and norms.
Hierarchies - systems or structures with different levels of importance or authority.
Example: Corporate hierarchies often include CEOs, managers, and employees.
Dominant - having control or influence over others.
Example: The dominant wolf in the pack leads the group during hunts.
Submissive - willing to yield to the authority or control of others.
Example: Her submissive attitude made it difficult for her to express her opinions.
Analysis - the process of examining something in detail to understand its components.
Example: The data analysis revealed interesting patterns in consumer behavior.
Randomly - without a specific pattern or order; by chance.
Example: The winners of the raffle were chosen randomly from a hat.
Perception - the way in which something is interpreted or understood.
Example: People's perception of art can vary greatly depending on their personal experiences.
Replicate - to repeat or reproduce an experiment or study.
Example: Scientists often replicate experiments to validate their findings.
Replenishment - the act of restoring or refilling something that was depleted.
Example: The replenishment of food supplies was essential after the hurricane.
Tedious - boring, monotonous, or tiresome.
Example: The repetitive data entry task became tedious after a while.
Ostensibly - apparently or seemingly, often with the implication of hiding the true purpose.
Example: He was ostensibly visiting for a business meeting but had a surprise proposal planned.
Elicit - to draw out or evoke a response, reaction, or information.
Example: The teacher's question elicited thoughtful answers from the students.
Achievement - a successful result brought about by hard work or effort.
Example: Winning the championship was a significant achievement for the team.
Persist - to continue or endure despite challenges or difficulties.
Example: She had to persist in her studies to achieve her academic goals.
Nearly - almost, close to but not quite.
Example: The marathon runner was nearly at the finish line.
Consecutive - following one after the other in order.
Example: He completed three consecutive marathons in a single year.
Achieve - to successfully reach or attain a goal or result.
Example: With determination and hard work, she was able to achieve her dreams.
Distract - to divert someone's attention away from a task or focus.
Example: The loud noise outside the window distracted her from studying.
Energizing - providing energy or invigoration.
Example: A brisk walk in the fresh air can be energizing and rejuvenating.
Relieve - to alleviate or reduce discomfort, stress, or pain.
Example: A hot bath can relieve muscle tension and promote relaxation.
Facilitate - to make something easier or more convenient.
Example: Technology can facilitate communication between people across the globe.
Respite - a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or challenging.
Example: The vacation provided a much-needed respite from the demands of work.
Amusement - the feeling of being entertained or finding something enjoyable.
Example: The circus performance provided a great deal of amusement for the children.
Eliciting - causing or bringing about a specific reaction or response.
Example: Her question was successful in eliciting a passionate discussion among the group.
Cultural - relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group or society.
Example: The festival celebrates the cultural diversity of the community.
Effectively - in a way that achieves the desired result or outcome.
Example: The new marketing strategy effectively increased sales.
Hearty - full of enthusiasm, warmth, or sincerity.
Example: They exchanged hearty greetings and embraced each other.
Attentive - paying close attention and showing interest.
Example: The attentive audience applauded the talented performers.
Variably - with differences or variations; not consistently.
Example: The weather can be variably unpredictable during the spring season.
Hierarchical - organized in a structured system of levels or ranks.
Example: The company has a hierarchical management structure with multiple layers of leadership.
Influence - the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.
Example: Her positive influence encouraged others to work harder.
Replication - the act of duplicating or copying something.
Example: The replication of the experiment yielded similar results.
Depleted - emptied or reduced to a very low level.
Example: The depletion of natural resources poses a significant environmental challenge.
Validation - the act of confirming the accuracy or correctness of something.
Example: The peer review process provides validation for scientific research.
Reproductive - related to the process of producing offspring or reproducing.
Example: The reproductive system plays a crucial role in the continuation of species.
Elaborate - involving many details or intricate elements.
Example: The architect presented an elaborate design for the new building.
Implication - a possible consequence or result of an action or decision.
Example: The implication of the new policy is that costs may increase for consumers.
Significantly - in a way that is noteworthy or important.
Example: The discovery of the ancient artifact significantly impacted our understanding of history.
Empirical - based on observation, experience, or evidence.
Example: The study relied on empirical data to support its conclusions.
Professional - relating to or characteristic of a particular profession or occupation.
Example: The doctor demonstrated a high level of professional expertise.
Stimulating - encouraging or invigorating interest, excitement, or activity.
Example: The stimulating conversation led to a lively debate among the participants.
Tiresome - causing fatigue or boredom; tedious or monotonous.
Example: The repetitive tasks at work can become tiresome over time.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-3
Sculptor - an artist who creates sculptures.
Example: Henry Moore was a renowned sculptor known for his unique works.
Enrolled - officially registered or joined in a program or institution.
Example: After finishing school, he enrolled in a photography course.
Primitive - relating to an early stage of development or a simple, uncivilized culture.
Example: The indigenous tribe still practices primitive farming techniques.
Notorious - famous or well-known, typically for a negative reason.
Example: The gangster became notorious for his criminal activities.
Inclination - a natural tendency or desire to do something.
Example: She had an inclination for painting from a young age.
Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.
Example: The painting was so abstract that its meaning was open to interpretation.
Radical - relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough.
Example: The scientist proposed a radical change in the way we generate energy.
Shortage - a deficiency or lack of something.
Example: There is a shortage of clean drinking water in the region.
Naturalistic - representing objects or figures in a natural, realistic way.
Example: The artist's naturalistic paintings captured the beauty of the countryside.
Collectors - people who gather or accumulate items as a hobby or for investment.
Example: Stamp collectors often search for rare and valuable stamps.
Commissions - requests or orders for a specific piece of work, usually with payment.
Example: The artist received a commission to paint a portrait of a wealthy family.
Ambitious - having a strong desire to achieve something significant or challenging.
Example: She has ambitious goals for her career and is determined to succeed.
Revolutionary - involving or causing a complete change or significant innovation.
Example: The invention of the internet was a revolutionary development in technology.
Naturalistic - representing objects or figures in a natural, realistic way.
Example: The naturalistic details in the painting made it look lifelike.
Critical acclaim - widespread praise and recognition from experts and reviewers.
Example: The film received critical acclaim for its exceptional storytelling.
Humanistic - relating to a perspective that emphasizes human values, potential, and dignity.
Example: The humanistic approach to psychology focuses on individual growth and self-actualization.
Ambitious projects - large-scale endeavors or undertakings that require significant effort and resources.
Example: Building a new skyscraper is an ambitious project that will reshape the city's skyline.
Impression - a feeling or understanding resulting from an experience.
Example: Her first impression of the city was that it was vibrant and lively.
Menace - a threat or danger; something that poses harm or trouble.
Example: The storm approaching the coast was seen as a menace to the coastal towns.
Ancient - belonging to a very distant past; having existed for a long time.
Example: The ancient ruins of the temple date back thousands of years.
Appreciation - recognition and understanding of the value or significance of something.
Example: Her appreciation of classical music grew as she attended more concerts.
Renowned - famous and well-known for excellence or achievements.
Example: The renowned scientist received the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking research.
International - involving or relating to two or more countries.
Example: The conference attracted international participants from various nations.
Critical - involving careful judgment or analysis; essential for success.
Example: Her critical thinking skills helped her solve complex problems.
Achieve - to successfully reach or attain a goal or result.
Example: With determination and hard work, he was able to achieve his dream of becoming a pilot.
Inhabited - lived in or occupied by people or animals.
Example: The remote island was once inhabited by a small fishing community.
Commissioned - appointed or assigned a task or duty, often with a specific purpose.
Example: The artist was commissioned to create a mural for the new art gallery.
Versatile - capable of adapting or performing in various roles or situations.
Example: She is a versatile actress who can excel in both comedy and drama.
Notable - deserving attention or recognition because of excellence or significance.
Example: The discovery of the rare species was a notable achievement in the field of biology.
Precise - exact, accurate, and strictly defined.
Example: The architect provided precise measurements for the construction of the building.
Sculpture - a three-dimensional work of art created by shaping or carving materials like stone or metal.
Example: The museum displayed a diverse collection of sculptures from different artists.
Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.
Example: His abstract painting left room for interpretation and imagination.
Pierced - penetrated or punctured by a sharp object.
Example: The artist's sculpture featured a pierced surface that allowed light to shine through.
Distort - to alter the shape or appearance of something in a way that is unnatural or deceptive.
Example: The funhouse mirrors distorted the reflection of people's faces.
Naturalistic - representing objects or figures in a natural, realistic way.
Example: The naturalistic details in the landscape painting made it appear lifelike.
Energizing - providing energy or making someone feel invigorated.
Example: A brisk walk in the fresh air can be quite energizing in the morning.
Sculpture department - a department or program within an educational institution focused on teaching and creating sculptures.
Example: The university's sculpture department offers a wide range of courses for aspiring artists.
Replicated - duplicated or repeated, often to confirm the accuracy of results.
Example: The scientist replicated the experiment multiple times to ensure consistency.
Promote - to support or encourage the growth, development, or awareness of something.
Example: The organization works to promote environmental conservation.
Art appreciation - the understanding and enjoyment of visual art, including its historical and cultural context.
Example: The art appreciation class helped students gain a deeper understanding of famous paintings.
Depicting - representing or showing something in a visual or artistic form.
Example: The mural in the gallery was depicting scenes from the city's history.
Exhibited - displayed or shown in a public setting for people to view.
Example: The artist's work was exhibited at the art gallery for a month-long show.
Composed - created or formed by combining various elements or components.
Example: The symphony was composed by a talented musician.
Signifies - indicates or represents something, often with a specific meaning.
Example: The red traffic light signifies that it is time to stop.
Distinguished - recognized for excellence or achievements, often resulting in respect or honor.
Example: She was a distinguished scientist known for her groundbreaking research.
READING PASSAGE 2
Impressed - feeling admiration or respect for something.
Example: She was impressed by his artistic talent.
Absorbed - taken in or soaked up by something.
Example: The sponge absorbed the spilled liquid.
Purify - to make something clean and free from impurities.
Example: Water purification removes contaminants from drinking water.
Desalination - the process of removing salt and other impurities from seawater.
Example: Desalination plants provide fresh water from the ocean.
Reserves - supplies or resources held in reserve for future use.
Example: The country's oil reserves are stored underground.
Polluted - contaminated or made impure, often by harmful substances.
Example: The polluted river was unsafe for swimming.
Carbon footprint - the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, organization, or activity.
Example: Reducing your carbon footprint helps combat climate change.
Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment.
Example: Sustainable agriculture practices protect the soil and ecosystem.
Sustain - to support or maintain something over time.
Example: The forest ecosystem must be sustained for future generations.
Consumption - the use of goods or resources.
Example: Responsible consumption of natural resources is essential.
Portable - easily carried or moved.
Example: A laptop is a portable computer that can be taken anywhere.
Groundwater - water stored underground in aquifers.
Example: Wells tap into groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Reservoirs - large artificial or natural bodies of water where water is stored.
Example: The city relies on reservoirs for its water supply.
Distributor - a person or company that supplies goods to retailers.
Example: The distributor delivers fresh produce to local grocery stores.
Reliable - trustworthy and dependable.
Example: A reliable car rarely breaks down.
Microfinance - providing small loans and financial services to individuals or small businesses.
Example: Microfinance programs help entrepreneurs start small businesses.
Lease - to rent or temporarily use something in exchange for payment.
Example: They decided to lease a car instead of buying one.
Venture - a business or project, especially one involving risk.
Example: Starting a new venture requires careful planning.
Humanitarian - related to efforts to improve the well-being of people in need.
Example: Humanitarian aid organizations provide assistance during crises.
Bottom line - the final result or outcome, often referring to financial profitability.
Example: The company's bottom line improved after cost-cutting measures.
Funding - financial support or resources provided for a project or organization.
Example: The research project received funding from a government grant.
Viable - capable of succeeding or being effective.
Example: The business plan was not viable and was abandoned.
Niche - a specialized or unique market segment.
Example: The company focuses on serving a niche market of luxury consumers.
Variety - a range of different types or forms.
Example: The store offers a variety of clothing options.
Aware - having knowledge or consciousness of something.
Example: She is aware of the importance of environmental conservation.
Envisioned - imagined or pictured in one's mind.
Example: He envisioned a future where technology improved healthcare.
Aim - to have a specific goal or purpose.
Example: Her aim is to become a successful entrepreneur.
Negotiate - to discuss or bargain with others to reach an agreement.
Example: The two parties negotiated the terms of the contract.
Invest - to put money or resources into a project or endeavor.
Example: They decided to invest in a startup company.
Operate - to function or work in a particular way.
Example: The machine is designed to operate automatically.
Analogy - a comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification.
Example: He used an analogy to explain the concept to the students.
Innovative - introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies.
Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design.
Efficiency - the ability to achieve a desired result with minimal waste of resources.
Example: Improved efficiency in manufacturing reduced production costs.
Implement - to put a plan or idea into action.
Example: The team worked to implement the new software.
Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment.
Example: Sustainable agriculture practices protect the soil and ecosystem.
Concentration - the amount of a substance contained in a given volume.
Example: The concentration of pollutants in the river was dangerously high.
Infrastructure - the basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society or system to function.
Example: Investment in infrastructure can lead to economic development.
Critical - of crucial importance or essential.
Example: Timely intervention is critical in emergency situations.
Accessibility - the ease with which something can be reached or used.
Example: Improving accessibility for people with disabilities is important.
Innovator - a person or organization that introduces new ideas or methods.
Example: Steve Jobs was known as an innovator in the technology industry.
Challenges - difficulties or obstacles that require effort to overcome.
Example: The team faced several challenges during the project.
Recycle - to convert waste materials into reusable materials.
Example: Recycling paper helps save trees and reduce waste.
Advocate - a person who publicly supports or promotes a particular cause.
Example: She is a strong advocate for environmental conservation.
Sufficiency - an adequate quantity or amount.
Example: The sufficiency of food supply is crucial in times of crisis.
Technological - related to technology or the use of advanced machinery.
Example: Technological advancements have transformed communication.
Invention - the creation of something new or a novel idea.
Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication.
Incorporate - to include or integrate something as part of a whole.
Example: The design will incorporate eco-friendly materials.
Innovative - introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies.
Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design.
Collaborate - to work together with others on a project or task.
Example: The research teams decided to collaborate on the study.
Initiative - the ability to take action and make decisions independently.
Example: She showed great initiative in solving the problem.
READING PASSAGE 3
Why fairy tales are really scary tales
Enduring - continuing or lasting for a long time.
Example: The enduring popularity of classic novels.
Universal - applicable or common to all people or things.
Example: Love is a universal human emotion.
Variety - a range of different forms or types.
Example: The store offers a variety of clothing options.
Versions - different forms or renditions of something.
Example: There are many versions of the same story.
Cautionary - serving as a warning or advice.
Example: The cautionary tale reminded us of the dangers of procrastination.
Anthropologist - a person who studies human societies, cultures, and behavior.
Example: The anthropologist conducted fieldwork in a remote tribe.
Devising - creating or inventing a plan, idea, or theory.
Example: They were devising a strategy to improve efficiency.
Evolutionary - relating to the process of gradual development or change over time.
Example: The evolutionary history of species is a complex study.
Phylogenetic - related to the study of evolutionary relationships among species.
Example: Phylogenetic analysis helps determine the ancestry of organisms.
Flexible - adaptable or capable of change.
Example: The schedule is flexible, allowing for adjustments.
Fundamental - essential, basic, or central.
Example: The principles of democracy are fundamental to our society.
Conserved - preserved or protected from loss or change.
Example: The historical site has been conserved for future generations.
Relevant - closely connected or applicable to a particular subject or situation.
Example: Her research is highly relevant to the current debate.
Grim - serious, harsh, or unpleasant in nature.
Example: The situation took a grim turn when the storm hit.
Gruesome - causing shock or disgust due to its horror or cruelty.
Example: The crime scene was gruesome, with evidence of violence.
Intriguing - arousing curiosity or interest.
Example: The mystery novel had an intriguing plot.
Retained - kept or preserved over time.
Example: The old building retained its original architectural features.
Teller - a person who narrates or recounts a story.
Example: The skilled teller captivated the audience with her storytelling.
Perennial - lasting or recurring over a long period.
Example: The perennial problem of traffic congestion in the city.
Villain - a character in a story who is typically evil or malicious.
Example: The villain in the movie plotted to take over the world.
Resistant - capable of withstanding or opposing something.
Example: The vaccine made the individual more resistant to the disease.
Negative - unfavorable or harmful in nature.
Example: Negative emotions can impact one's well-being.
Oral - spoken or communicated verbally.
Example: The oral tradition of storytelling has been passed down for generations.
Scary - causing fear or anxiety.
Example: The haunted house attraction is designed to be scary.
Themes - recurring or central ideas in a story or work of art.
Example: Love and loss are common themes in literature.
Relevant - closely connected or applicable to a particular subject or situation.
Example: Her research is highly relevant to the current debate.
Negative - unfavorable or harmful in nature.
Example: Negative emotions can impact one's well-being.
Folklorists - scholars who study the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a particular group or culture.
Example: Folklorists often collect and document local legends.
Version - a particular form or adaptation of something.
Example: The director's version of the play added a modern twist.
Analyst - a person who examines and interprets data or information.
Example: The financial analyst predicted a decline in stock prices.
Advisable - recommended or considered to be a good idea.
Example: It is advisable to wear a helmet while riding a bicycle.
Conveyed - communicated or expressed a message or idea.
Example: The painting conveys a sense of tranquility and peace.
Evolved - developed or changed gradually over time.
Example: The technology has evolved significantly in recent years.
Cautious - careful and aware of potential risks or dangers.
Example: She took a cautious approach to investing her money.
Reproduced - copied or duplicated.
Example: The artist reproduced the famous painting with great accuracy.
Significant - important, notable, or meaningful.
Example: The discovery of a new species is a significant event in biology.
Trivial - unimportant or insignificant in nature.
Example: The mistake was trivial and had no impact on the project.
Conserved - preserved or protected from loss or change.
Example: The historical site has been conserved for future generations.
Relevant - closely connected or applicable to a particular subject or situation.
Example: Her research is highly relevant to the current debate.
Reliable - trustworthy and dependable.
Example: A reliable source of information is essential for accurate research.
Primitive - relating to an early stage of development or technology.
Example: The primitive tools used by early humans.
Adaptation - a change or adjustment to fit a new environment or situation.
Example: The bird's beak shape is an adaptation for its feeding habits.
Predator - an animal that hunts and preys on other animals for food.
Example: Lions are known as skilled predators in the animal kingdom.
Fascinating - extremely interesting or captivating.
Example: The documentary about space exploration was fascinating.
Intricate - highly detailed or complex.
Example: The intricate design of the jewelry impressed the art collectors.
Complex - consisting of many interconnected parts; intricate.
Example: Solving the puzzle required a complex series of steps.
Constant - occurring continuously or without interruption.
Example: The constant noise from construction work was annoying.
Resistance - the refusal to accept or comply with something.
Example: The resistance to change in the organization was strong.
Narrative - a spoken or written account of events or a story.
Example: The novel's narrative was filled with suspense and drama.
Renditions - versions or interpretations of a song, piece of music, or text.
Example: Her rendition of the classic song was beautifully sung.
—-
*Folklorists: those who study traditional stories
ACADEMIC READING TEST-4
READING PASSAGE 1
The return of the huarango
Ecosystems - communities of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Example: Rainforests are rich and diverse ecosystems.
Fragile - easily damaged or delicate.
Example: The fragile ecosystem of coral reefs is threatened by pollution.
Huapango Tree - a native tree in Peru with deep roots that can access underground water sources.
Example: The huapango tree is well-adapted to the arid climate of southern Peru.
Archaeobotanist - a scientist who studies ancient plant remains to understand past cultures.
Example: The archaeobotanist analyzed seeds found in ancient ruins.
Drought - a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water scarcity.
Example: The region suffered from a severe drought, affecting agriculture.
Erosion - the process of wearing away soil or rock by natural forces like wind and water.
Example: Coastal erosion is a significant problem in some areas.
Native Woodland - natural forests consisting of indigenous trees and plants.
Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect native woodlands from deforestation.
Charcoal - a black, porous substance obtained from burning wood or other organic matter.
Example: Charcoal is used for grilling and as a fuel source.
Deforestation - the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
Example: Deforestation leads to habitat loss and environmental degradation.
Botanist - a scientist who specializes in the study of plants.
Example: The botanist identified a new species of wildflowers.
Pioneering - involving new ideas or methods.
Example: The pioneering project aims to develop sustainable agriculture.
Prejudices - preconceived opinions or attitudes not based on reason or actual experience.
Example: Overcoming cultural prejudices is essential for social harmony.
Habitat - the natural environment where an organism lives.
Example: The rainforest is a diverse habitat for various species.
Resuscitation - the action of reviving someone from unconsciousness or near death.
Example: The paramedics performed resuscitation on the accident victim.
Eco-heritage - the cultural and natural heritage of a region's ecosystems and environment.
Example: Protecting eco-heritage is vital for future generations.
Aspirational - having ambitions or goals for personal or social improvement.
Example: Many young people have aspirational career goals.
Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment.
Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.
Income - money received on a regular basis, usually through work or investments.
Example: Her income supports her family's needs.
Beans - seeds of certain plants, often used as a food source.
Example: Black beans are a staple in many Latin American cuisines.
Flour - a powder made by grinding grains, often used for baking.
Example: Wheat flour is a common ingredient in bread and pastries.
Roasted - cooked or heated over an open flame or in an oven.
Example: Roasted coffee beans have a rich, aromatic flavor.
Vitamins - organic compounds essential for the body's growth and maintenance.
Example: Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins.
Minerals - inorganic nutrients required for various bodily functions.
Example: Calcium and iron are important minerals for bone health.
Farmers' Market - a place where local farmers sell fresh produce and goods directly to consumers.
Example: She enjoys shopping at the farmers' market for organic fruits and vegetables.
Organic - produced without synthetic chemicals or pesticides.
Example: Organic farming promotes natural and sustainable practices.
Corridors - narrow strips of land that connect larger areas, often used for wildlife migration.
Example: Wildlife corridors allow animals to move between habitats.
Bio-control - the use of natural predators or organisms to control pests.
Example: Ladybugs are used in bio-control to reduce aphid populations.
Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal species in a particular habitat.
Example: Rainforests have high levels of biodiversity.
Desert Habitats - ecosystems found in arid regions with little rainfall.
Example: Desert habitats are adapted to extreme conditions.
Expanse - a wide and open area or space.
Example: The vast expanse of the desert stretched out before us.
Roll Out - to introduce or implement something on a larger scale.
Example: The company plans to roll out its new product nationwide.
Drought - a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water scarcity.
Example: The region suffered from a severe drought, affecting agriculture.
Botanist - a scientist who specializes in the study of plants.
Example: The botanist identified a new species of wildflowers.
Pioneering - involving new ideas or methods.
Example: The pioneering project aims to develop sustainable agriculture.
Prejudices - preconceived opinions or attitudes not based on reason or actual experience.
Example: Overcoming cultural prejudices is essential for social harmony.
Habitat - the natural environment where an organism lives.
Example: The rainforest is a diverse habitat for various species.
Resuscitation - the action of reviving someone from unconsciousness or near death.
Example: The paramedics performed resuscitation on the accident victim.
Eco-heritage - the cultural and natural heritage of a region's ecosystems and environment.
Example: Protecting eco-heritage is vital for future generations.
Aspirational - having ambitions or goals for personal or social improvement.
Example: Many young people have aspirational career goals.
Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment.
Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.
Income - money received on a regular basis, usually through work or investments.
Example: Her income supports her family's needs.
Beans - seeds of certain plants, often used as a food source.
Example: Black beans are a staple in many Latin American cuisines.
Flour - a powder made by grinding grains, often used for baking.
Example: Wheat flour is a common ingredient in bread and pastries.
Roasted - cooked or heated over an open flame or in an oven.
Example: Roasted coffee beans have a rich, aromatic flavor.
Vitamins - organic compounds essential for the body's growth and maintenance.
Example: Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins.
Minerals - inorganic nutrients required for various bodily functions.
Example: Calcium and iron are important minerals for bone health.
Farmers' Market - a place where local farmers sell fresh produce and goods directly to consumers.
Example: She enjoys shopping at the farmers' market for organic fruits and vegetables.
Organic - produced without synthetic chemicals or pesticides.
Example: Organic farming promotes natural and sustainable practices.
Corridors - narrow strips of land that connect larger areas, often used for wildlife migration.
Example: Wildlife corridors allow animals to move between habitats.
Bio-control - the use of natural predators or organisms to control pests.
Example: Ladybugs are used in bio-control to reduce aphid populations.
READING PASSAGE 2
Silbo Gomero – the whistle ‘language’ of the Canary Islands
Volcanic - related to volcanoes or produced by volcanic activity.
Example: The island's rugged landscape is the result of volcanic eruptions.
Terrain - the physical features and characteristics of a piece of land.
Example: The hikers struggled to navigate the rocky terrain.
Transmitting - sending or conveying something from one place to another.
Example: Radio waves are capable of transmitting signals over long distances.
Activate - to make something active or functional.
Example: Pressing the button will activate the alarm system.
Remarkably - in a way that is worthy of attention or notice.
Example: She recovered remarkably quickly after the surgery.
Ambiguity - uncertainty or lack of clarity in meaning.
Example: The ambiguous statement left room for interpretation.
Adjust - to change or modify something to fit a particular purpose.
Example: You can adjust the temperature of the thermostat.
Whistler - a person who uses whistles for communication.
Example: The skilled whistler could convey complex messages.
Distinguish - to recognize or differentiate between two or more things.
Example: It can be challenging to distinguish between identical twins.
Rapid - happening quickly or with great speed.
Example: The car accelerated at a rapid pace.
Neuroimaging - the use of imaging techniques to study the brain's structure and function.
Example: Neuroimaging helps researchers understand brain activity.
Temporal - relating to time or the passage of time.
Example: The temporal aspect of the project is crucial.
Deaf - unable to hear or having a significant hearing impairment.
Example: Sign language is essential for communication among the deaf.
Modality - a particular form, method, or mode of something.
Example: Different modalities of therapy are available for patients.
Activation - the process of making something active or functional.
Example: The activation of the alarm system alerted security.
Flexibility - the quality of being adaptable or capable of change.
Example: Flexibility is a valuable trait in problem-solving.
Independence - the state of being self-reliant or free from external control.
Example: The country gained independence from colonial rule.
Recognize - to identify or acknowledge the existence of something.
Example: I couldn't recognize her in her new disguise.
Origins - the starting point or source from which something arises.
Example: The origins of the tradition date back to ancient times.
Indigenous - native to a particular region or country.
Example: The indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest have unique traditions.
Conquer - to overcome or defeat by force, often in warfare.
Example: The army set out to conquer new territories.
Isolated - separated or kept apart from others.
Example: The remote island was isolated from the mainland.
Extinction - the state of no longer existing or being in use.
Example: The extinction of certain species is a global concern.
Dwindling - gradually becoming smaller or diminishing in number.
Example: The population of endangered animals is dwindling.
Fluent - able to speak or write a language with ease.
Example: She is fluent in three different languages.
Elementary - related to the basic or fundamental level of something.
Example: Elementary education is essential for children's development.
Assistance - help or support provided to someone in need.
Example: He offered his assistance with the project.
Preserved - kept intact or protected from harm or decay.
Example: The ancient artifacts were carefully preserved in a museum.
Humanity - all human beings collectively; the human race.
Example: The organization works for the betterment of humanity.
Cultural - related to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group.
Example: The festival celebrates the cultural heritage of the community.
Organization - a group of people working together for a common purpose.
Example: The charity organization provides aid to those in need.
Islands - land masses surrounded by water, smaller than continents.
Example: The Hawaiian Islands are known for their beautiful beaches.
Significantly - to a notable or important degree.
Example: The discovery had a significantly positive impact.
Pockets - small, isolated areas or groups within a larger area.
Example: The town had pockets of vibrant street art.
Communicate - to convey information or exchange messages.
Example: Effective communication is crucial in any relationship.
Modulate - to vary or adjust the intensity, tone, or pitch of something.
Example: She modulated her voice to convey different emotions in the play.
Traditional - relating to customs, beliefs, or practices that have been passed down over generations.
Example: The traditional dance is performed during cultural festivals.
Adaptation - the process of adjusting to new conditions or circumstances.
Example: The film adaptation of the novel received critical acclaim.
Pockets - small, isolated areas or groups within a larger area.
Example: The city has pockets of rich cultural diversity.
Recognition - the act of identifying or acknowledging something or someone.
Example: Her hard work received recognition from her peers.
Vanishing - disappearing or becoming extinct.
Example: The vanishing species is a concern for conservationists.
Availability - the state of being easily obtainable or accessible.
Example: The availability of online courses has increased in recent years.
Linguistic - related to the study of language and its structure.
Example: Linguistic analysis revealed the origins of the word.
Consequence - a result or effect of an action or situation.
Example: The consequences of his decision were far-reaching.
Scientifically - in a manner that is based on scientific principles or methods.
Example: The experiment was conducted scientifically to ensure accuracy.
Institute - an organization or establishment for a particular purpose.
Example: The research institute focuses on medical advancements.
Whistles - high-pitched sounds produced by blowing air through a small opening.
Example: The referee blew the whistle to stop the game.
Complex - consisting of many interconnected parts or elements.
Example: The problem required a complex solution.
Survive - to continue to exist or live, especially in adverse conditions.
Example: The species managed to survive in the harsh environment.
Global - relating to or involving the entire world or all countries.
Example: Climate change is a global issue that requires cooperation.
READING PASSAGE 3
Environmental practices of big businesses
Environmental - relating to the natural surroundings and conditions.
Example: The environmental impact of the factory was a concern for the community.
Fundamental - essential, basic, or central to something.
Example: Respect for human rights is a fundamental principle of society.
Offend - to cause resentment or hurt feelings by an action or statement.
Example: His comments about her appearance offended her deeply.
Maximize - to make as large or great as possible.
Example: The company aims to maximize its profits this quarter.
Short-term - relating to a brief or limited period of time.
Example: The short-term goals of the project were achieved quickly.
Damaging - causing harm or injury to something or someone.
Example: The storm's strong winds were damaging to the trees.
Regulation - a rule or law that controls or governs a particular activity.
Example: The government introduced new regulations for food safety.
Effective - successful in producing the desired results.
Example: The treatment proved to be effective in curing the illness.
Corrupt - having a lack of honesty or integrity, often involving bribery.
Example: The corrupt officials were arrested for accepting bribes.
Unsophisticated - lacking sophistication or complexity; simple.
Example: The solution to the problem was unsophisticated but effective.
Breach - a violation or failure to adhere to a law, rule, or agreement.
Example: The data breach compromised the security of personal information.
Fiduciary - relating to trust and financial responsibility.
Example: As a trustee, he had a fiduciary duty to manage the assets responsibly.
Shareholders - individuals who own shares or stocks in a company.
Example: The shareholders voted to approve the merger.
Humanitarian - concerned with promoting the welfare and well-being of others.
Example: Humanitarian organizations provide aid to disaster-stricken areas.
Legally - in a manner that is authorized or allowed by law.
Example: The contract was legally binding and enforceable.
Publicly - in a way that is known or visible to the general public.
Example: The company's financial report was publicly available.
Sustainable - capable of being maintained or continued over the long term.
Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment.
Valdez - a reference to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989.
Example: The Valdez disaster had devastating effects on the ecosystem.
Prefer - to choose or favor one thing over another.
Example: Many consumers prefer organic products for their health benefits.
Award - to give or grant as an honor, prize, or recognition.
Example: The organization decided to award scholarships to deserving students.
Complain - to express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something.
Example: Customers often complain about the slow service at this restaurant.
Enforce - to ensure compliance with a law or rule.
Example: The police are responsible for enforcing traffic regulations.
Empowering - making someone feel more confident and in control.
Example: The mentorship program is empowering young entrepreneurs.
Necessity - something that is required or essential.
Example: Clean drinking water is a basic necessity for human survival.
Reduction - the act of making something smaller or less in amount.
Example: The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is a critical goal.
Explicit - clearly and directly stated; not implied.
Example: The contract includes explicit terms and conditions.
Explicitly - in a clear and straightforward manner.
Example: The policy was explicitly outlined in the company handbook.
Moralistic - characterized by a strict adherence to moral principles.
Example: His moralistic approach to ethics influenced his decisions.
Admirable - deserving respect, admiration, or approval.
Example: Her dedication to charity work is truly admirable.
Empathy - the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Example: Empathy is an essential quality for healthcare professionals.
Complexity - the state of being intricate, intricate, or complicated.
Example: The complexity of the problem required a team of experts to solve it.
Explicit - clearly and directly stated; not implied.
Example: The explicit instructions were easy to follow.
Enforced - compelled or compelled to comply with a rule or law.
Example: The enforced safety measures prevented accidents at the construction site.
Attitudes - a settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Example: Her positive attitude towards challenges helped her succeed.
Essential - absolutely necessary; extremely important.
Example: Communication is an essential skill in the workplace.
Pressing - urgent or requiring immediate attention.
Example: The need for healthcare reform is a pressing issue in our country.
Sensitive - easily affected or influenced by external factors.
Example: The skin is a sensitive organ that can react to allergens.
Fast-food - a type of restaurant that serves quickly prepared and packaged meals.
Example: Fast-food chains are known for their convenience but criticized for their unhealthy options.
Supply chain - the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of goods.
Example: The supply chain of a car manufacturer involves multiple suppliers and distributors.
Suing - taking legal action against someone by filing a lawsuit.
Example: The company is suing its former employee for breach of contract.
Empowerment - the process of giving individuals the power and authority to make decisions and take action.
Example: The empowerment of women in leadership positions is a global goal.
Disease - a disorder or medical condition that affects the body's normal functioning.
Example: Vaccines have been developed to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Transmission - the act or process of passing something from one person or place to another.
Example: The transmission of information through the internet is instantaneous.
Meat packers - companies or individuals involved in processing and packaging meat products.
Example: The meat packers adhere to strict hygiene standards in their facilities.
Environmental practices - actions and policies implemented by organizations to minimize their impact on the environment.
Example: The company's environmental practices include recycling and reducing waste.
Profitable - resulting in a financial gain or profit.
Example: Investing in renewable energy sources can be profitable in the long run.
Expect - to anticipate or foresee something as likely to happen.
Example: Investors expect the stock market to fluctuate over time.
Reward - to give something in return for good behavior or achievement.
Example: The teacher rewarded the students with certificates for their hard work.
Difficult - challenging or not easy to accomplish.
Example: Learning a new language can be difficult, but it's rewarding.
Practice - the customary or habitual way of doing something.
Example: Consistent practice is essential for improving your skills.
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