ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1
Let’s Go Bats
Problem: A difficulty or challenge. Example: Bats have a problem finding prey in the dark.
Hunt: To search for or pursue something. Example: Bats hunt for insects at night.
Prey: An animal that is hunted by another for food. Example: Bats catch insects as their prey.
Obstacle: Something that blocks or hinders progress. Example: Bats need to avoid obstacles while flying at night.
Exploited: To make full use of or take advantage of. Example: Daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures.
Nocturnal: Active during the night. Example: Bats are nocturnal animals.
Ancestry: The lineage or family background of a person or animal. Example: Our mammalian ancestors survived by living at night.
Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species. Example: The mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred 65 million years ago.
Engineering: The application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build things. Example: Bats face an engineering problem in navigating in the dark.
Deep-sea: Referring to the ocean's depths. Example: Deep-sea creatures live in extreme darkness.
Muddy: Covered in or containing mud. Example: Fish in extremely muddy water cannot see.
Obstructed: Blocked or hindered. Example: Light is obstructed by dirt in muddy water.
Scattered: Spread out or dispersed in different directions. Example: Light is scattered by particles in the water.
Manufacture: To produce or create something. Example: Fireflies manufacture their own light.
Lantern: A portable light source with a protective enclosure. Example: Some animals use a lantern to navigate in the dark.
Consumed: Used up or depleted. Example: Manufacturing light can consume a lot of energy.
Prohibitive: So high as to prevent or discourage use. Example: The prohibitive energy cost of using light for navigation.
Detect: To discover or identify something. Example: Eyes have to detect the light bouncing off the scene.
Immense: Extremely large or vast. Example: A headlight must be immensely brighter for navigation.
Phantom limb: The sensation of an amputated limb that feels like it's still there. Example: Blind people experience phantom limb sensations.
Echos: Reflected sound waves. Example: Blind people use echos to sense obstacles.
Manoeuvre: To move skillfully or carefully. Example: Finding ways to manoeuvre in the dark is crucial for bats.
Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Engineers built instruments to measure sea depth.
Exploit: To make full use of something for a specific purpose. Example: Instruments exploit echoes to measure sea depth.
Submarines: Watercraft capable of underwater operations. Example: Submarines are difficult to detect without specialized equipment.
Pioneers: Early innovators or leaders in a field. Example: The pioneers of radar technology.
Strike: To impress or amaze someone. Example: Bats' radar-like abilities would strike an engineer with admiration.
Technically: According to the technical details or principles. Example: It's technically sonar, not radar, that bats use.
Underlying: Fundamental or foundational. Example: The underlying principles of radar and sonar are similar.
Mathematical: Relating to mathematics. Example: Mathematical understanding of bats' echolocation.
Details: Specific pieces of information or facts. Example: Scientific understanding of bats' abilities involves studying the details.
Coined: Invented or created a new term or phrase. Example: Donald Griffin coined the term 'echolocation.'
Echolocation: The use of sound waves to navigate and locate objects. Example: Bats use echolocation to hunt and avoid obstacles.
Expenses: Costs or expenditures. Example: The expenses associated with using light for navigation are high.
Weird: Strange or unusual. Example: Some weird deep-sea fish have unique adaptations.
Detection: The act of discovering or sensing something. Example: Radar technology is used for detection.
Navigation: The process of finding one's way. Example: Bats' radar helps them with navigation in the dark.
Sonar: A system that uses sound waves for navigation and detection. Example: Bats use sonar to locate prey.
Scientific: Relating to the systematic study of the natural world. Example: Scientific understanding of bats' abilities.
Achieves: Accomplishes or attains something. Example: Bats' sonar achieves remarkable feats of detection.
Incorrect: Not accurate or true. Example: It's incorrect to refer to bat sonar as radar.
Admiration: A feeling of respect and approval. Example: Engineers would be filled with admiration for bats' abilities.
Apply: To use or employ something for a specific purpose. Example: Applying radar theory to bats' echolocation.
Zoologist: A scientist who studies animals. Example: Donald Griffin was an American zoologist.
Coined: Invented or created a new term or phrase. Example: Griffin coined the term 'echolocation.'
Cover: To include or encompass. Example: The term 'echolocation' covers both sonar and radar.
Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Sonar and radar are instruments for detection.
Exploited: To make full use of something for a specific purpose. Example: Bats have exploited echolocation for millions of years.
Scientific: Relating to the systematic study of the natural world. Example: Scientific understanding of echolocation in bats.
Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Human-made instruments have been developed based on bat echolocation.
PASSAGE-2
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT
Entwined: Twisted or woven together. Example: The vines were entwined around the tree branches.
Manipulate: To control or handle skillfully. Example: He knew how to manipulate the tools with precision.
Aqueducts: Structures for transporting water over long distances. Example: The ancient Romans built impressive aqueducts to supply water to their cities.
Innovative: Introducing new ideas or methods. Example: The company's innovative approach to design revolutionized the industry.
Occupants: People who reside or live in a place. Example: The occupants of the apartment building were friendly neighbors.
Industrial: Relating to industries or manufacturing. Example: The city's economy relied heavily on its industrial sector.
Unprecedented: Never seen or done before. Example: The storm's damage was unprecedented in the region's history.
Monumental: Extremely large or significant. Example: The construction of the skyscraper was a monumental achievement.
Irrigation: The artificial supply of water to land or crops. Example: Farmers use irrigation systems to ensure their fields receive enough water.
Hydropower: Electricity generated from the energy of flowing water. Example: Hydropower plants harness the power of rivers to generate electricity.
Dark side: The negative or unfavorable aspect. Example: Despite its success, the project had a dark side with unforeseen consequences.
Inferior: Lower in quality or rank. Example: The cheap materials used made the product inferior to its competitors.
Sanitation: Conditions related to cleanliness and hygiene. Example: Proper sanitation is crucial for preventing the spread of diseases.
Preventable: Capable of being avoided or stopped. Example: Many accidents are preventable with the right precautions.
Jeopardizing: Putting at risk or endangering. Example: His reckless driving was jeopardizing the safety of everyone on the road.
Reservoirs: Artificial lakes or storage areas for water. Example: The city's reservoirs were running low during the drought.
Ecosystems: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The coral reef ecosystem is a delicate balance of marine life.
Degrade: To reduce in quality or value. Example: Pollution can degrade the air and water quality in a region.
Aquifers: Underground layers of rock that store water. Example: The town relies on the aquifer beneath it for its water supply.
Pumped down: To extract or draw down water from a source. Example: The well was pumped down to reach the underground water table.
Disputes: Conflicts or disagreements. Example: The border disputes between the two countries led to tension.
Tensions: Mental or emotional strain. Example: The political tensions in the region escalated into violence.
Philosophical shift: A change in fundamental beliefs or principles. Example: The company underwent a philosophical shift towards sustainability.
Infrastructure: The basic physical structures needed for a society. Example: Roads, bridges, and utilities are essential infrastructure components.
Opposition: Resistance or disagreement. Example: There was strong opposition to the proposed law.
Universal: Applying to all cases or situations. Example: The principle of human rights should be universal.
Pressing problems: Urgent or critical issues. Example: Poverty and hunger remain pressing problems in many parts of the world.
Diminished: Reduced or lessened. Example: The value of the currency has diminished over time.
Efficiency: The ability to do something with minimal waste. Example: The new manufacturing process improved efficiency and reduced costs.
Conservation: The protection and preservation of resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species.
Productivity: The measure of output per unit of input. Example: The factory's productivity increased after implementing new technology.
Specifications: Detailed requirements or descriptions. Example: The architect provided specifications for the building's construction.
Accountability: Being responsible for one's actions or decisions. Example: The government officials were held accountable for their mistakes.
Ecological: Related to the study of the environment and ecosystems. Example: Ecological research helps us understand the impact of human activity on nature.
Criteria: Standards or guidelines used for evaluation. Example: The selection criteria for the job were clearly defined.
Infrastructure projects: Large-scale construction projects. Example: The government invested in infrastructure projects to improve transportation.
Warranted: Justified or necessary. Example: The repairs were warranted due to the structural damage.
Ecological criteria: Factors related to the impact on the environment. Example: The construction plan must meet ecological criteria to protect local wildlife.
Population: The number of people living in an area. Example: The city's population has grown steadily over the years.
Account for: To explain or justify. Example: The report will account for the company's financial performance.
Impressive: Arousing admiration due to quality or skill. Example: The artist's work was highly impressive and received critical acclaim.
Harness: To utilize or control a resource for a specific purpose. Example: Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity.
Revise: To make changes or improvements to something. Example: The author needed to revise the manuscript before publication.
Unforeseen: Not predicted or expected. Example: The sudden rainstorm was an unforeseen event.
Replenished: To fill or restore something to its original state. Example: The water in the reservoir was replenished after heavy rainfall.
Soar: To rise or increase rapidly. Example: The company's profits began to soar after the successful product launch.
Fall behind: To lag or not keep up with progress. Example: Without proper funding, the school will fall behind in technology.
Tremendous: Extremely large or significant. Example: The project's success was due to the tremendous effort of the team.
Compensate: To provide something in return for loss or inconvenience. Example: The company compensated the customers for the defective products.
Smaller budget: A reduced amount of money allocated for a purpose. Example: The nonprofit organization had to operate on a smaller budget this year.
PASSAGE-3
EDUCATING PSYCHE
Approaches: Methods or strategies for doing something. Example: There are various approaches to solving this problem.
Effects: The results or outcomes of an action. Example: The medication had positive effects on the patient's health.
Imagination: The ability to create mental images or ideas. Example: His imagination allowed him to come up with creative solutions.
Unconscious: Not aware or not within conscious thought. Example: Dreams often reveal our unconscious thoughts and desires.
Processing: The act of dealing with or handling information. Example: The computer's fast processing speed makes tasks quicker.
Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. Example: This material is very durable and will last for years.
Peripheral: Relating to things on the outer edge or margin. Example: He noticed some peripheral details in the painting.
Typeface: A particular design of letters and characters. Example: The book used a classic and elegant typeface.
Concentrating: Focusing one's attention on a specific task. Example: She was concentrating intently on her work.
Hypnosis: A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility. Example: The therapist used hypnosis to help the patient relax.
Memorize: To commit something to memory. Example: She needed to memorize the speech for the presentation.
Inducing: Causing or bringing about a particular state or condition. Example: The medication is effective at inducing sleep.
Reserve: A supply of something that is saved or stored for future use. Example: They tapped into their reserve of food during the winter.
Suggestopedia: A teaching method that focuses on the power of suggestion. Example: The suggestopedia approach has been used in language learning.
Curriculum: The subjects and content taught in a course or program. Example: The school's curriculum includes math, science, and literature.
Foreign: From another country or culture. Example: Learning a foreign language can be challenging but rewarding.
Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: There are several variants of this software available.
Listening: Paying attention to and hearing what is being said. Example: Good listening skills are important in effective communication.
Classical: Relating to the music of the classical period. Example: Beethoven's symphonies are considered classical masterpieces.
Solemnly: In a serious and dignified manner. Example: The judge solemnly declared the verdict.
Silence: Complete absence of sound or noise. Example: The room fell into silence as everyone listened.
Baroque: A style of music and art characterized by elaborate ornamentation. Example: The baroque architecture of the cathedral was breathtaking.
Expectation: The anticipation or belief that something will happen. Example: There is an expectation of success in the company.
Preliminary: Happening before or as a preparation for something. Example: The team had a preliminary meeting to discuss their strategy.
Stimulated: Encouraged or prompted to take action. Example: The coach stimulated the players to give their best effort.
Recall: To remember or bring back into one's mind. Example: She could easily recall the details of the story.
Automatic: Operating by itself or without human intervention. Example: The doors opened automatically as we approached.
Effortless: Requiring little or no physical or mental exertion. Example: Her dance moves looked effortless on stage.
Grammar: The rules and structure of a language. Example: Proper grammar is important for clear communication.
Idiom: A phrase or expression with a figurative meaning. Example: "It's raining cats and dogs" is an English idiom.
Experimented: Conducted tests or trials to gather data or information. Example: The scientists experimented with different chemicals.
Trance: A state of focused attention and reduced awareness. Example: She went into a deep trance during meditation.
Essential: Absolutely necessary or fundamental. Example: Water is essential for human survival.
Rituals: Formalized and repeated ceremonies or actions. Example: Wedding rituals vary from culture to culture.
Placebos: Inactive substances given to some patients as a control in medical experiments. Example: The patients received placebos instead of the actual medication.
Effective: Producing the desired result or outcome. Example: The new treatment proved to be highly effective.
Dispensed: Distributed or provided to others. Example: The pharmacist dispensed the medication to the patients.
Mediocre: of moderate quality; not very good. Example: The restaurant received mediocre reviews for its food.
Motivated: Driven or inspired to take action. Example: Her passion for art motivated her to become an artist.
Mindset: A person's way of thinking and their beliefs. Example: A positive mindset can lead to success.
Faith: Strong belief or trust in something. Example: His faith in the team's abilities never wavered.
Real teaching: Traditional or conventional methods of instruction. Example: Some students prefer real teaching with textbooks and lectures.
Work: Effort or labor expended on a task. Example: Hard work and dedication are keys to success.
Categoric: Absolute or unambiguous. Example: She gave a categoric response to the question.
Notoriety: Being well-known, especially for something negative. Example: The criminal gained notoriety for his daring heists.
Mind-control: Techniques or methods to influence or control someone's thoughts. Example: Some cults use mind-control tactics to manipulate their members.
Ceremonies: Formal events with rituals and traditions. Example: Wedding ceremonies often include vows and ring exchange.
Dispensed with: Removed or eliminated. Example: The old policies were dispensed with in favor of new ones.
Effective: Producing the desired result or outcome. Example: The new treatment proved to be highly effective.
Autocratic: Exercising complete control or authority. Example: The manager had an autocratic leadership style.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
PASSAGE-1
WHY PAGODAS DON’T FALL DOWN?
1. Pagodas: Tower-like structures, often associated with Buddhist temples. Example: The ancient pagodas in Kyoto are famous tourist attractions.
2. Collapsed: To fall down or give way suddenly. Example: The old bridge collapsed under the weight of the heavy truck.
3. Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. Example: This material is very durable and will last for years.
4. Devastated: Destroyed or greatly damaged. Example: The hurricane devastated the coastal town.
5. Unscathed: Not harmed or affected. Example: Despite the accident, she emerged unscathed.
6. Mystified: Confused or puzzled. Example: The strange phenomenon mystified the scientists.
7. Shock absorbers: Devices that reduce the impact of shocks or vibrations. Example: The car's shock absorbers made the ride smoother.
8. Sway: To move gently back and forth. Example: The trees began to sway in the breeze.
9. Multi-storey: Having multiple levels or floors. Example: The multi-storey building had a modern design.
10. Adapted: Adjusted or modified for a specific purpose. Example: The novel was adapted into a successful movie.
11. Eaves: The overhanging edges of a roof. Example: Birds built their nests in the eaves of the house.
12. Batter: To hit or strike repeatedly. Example: The waves batter the shoreline during a storm.
13. Porcelain: A type of fine ceramic material. Example: The teacups were made of delicate porcelain.
14. Overhang: To project or extend beyond the edge of something. Example: The roof's overhang provided shade on hot days.
15. Earthenware: Pottery made from clay. Example: The ancient earthenware artifacts were well-preserved.
16. Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or shocks. Example: Her resilience helped her overcome challenges.
17. Massive: Extremely large or heavy. Example: The elephant had a massive presence.
18. Trunk-like: Resembling the trunk of a tree. Example: The trunk-like support pillar was central to the building.
19. Flexes: Bends or becomes pliable under pressure. Example: The gymnast's body flexes as she performs the routine.
20. Staircase: A set of steps leading from one floor to another. Example: The grand entrance had a sweeping marble staircase.
21. Watchtowers: Tall structures used for observation or surveillance. Example: The old castle had watchtowers overlooking the valley.
22. Stack: To arrange items on top of each other. Example: He neatly stacked the books on the shelf.
23. Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker.
24. Anticipated: Expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a tough match.
25. Regulations: Rules or laws governing a particular area or activity. Example: The company must adhere to safety regulations.
26. Balancing pole: A long stick used for balance, especially by tightrope walkers. Example: The acrobat held the balancing pole steady as she walked.
27. Jolt: A sudden and strong shake or jerk. Example: The earthquake caused a powerful jolt.
28. Abrupt: Sudden and unexpected. Example: Her abrupt departure surprised everyone.
29. Anticipated: Expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a tough match.
30. Concepts: Abstract ideas or mental constructs. Example: Understanding complex concepts can be challenging.
31. Structural engineering: The branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures. Example: Structural engineering plays a crucial role in building safety.
32. Phenomenon: A remarkable or unusual occurrence. Example: The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon.
33. Pendulum: A weight suspended from a fixed point that swings back and forth. Example: The pendulum in the clock swings rhythmically.
34. Transmitting: Sending or conveying something. Example: The radio tower is responsible for transmitting signals.
35. Counterparts: Similar or equivalent things in different contexts. Example: The American and British versions are counterparts.
36. Stacked: Arranged in a pile or stack. Example: The firewood was neatly stacked by the cabin.
37. Design: The plan or arrangement of elements in something. Example: The architect discussed the building's design.
38. Permitted: Allowed or authorized. Example: Smoking is not permitted in this area.
39. Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker.
40. Preserved: Kept in its original state or condition. Example: The ancient ruins have been well preserved.
41. Shaketable: A device used to simulate earthquake vibrations. Example: Engineers test building designs on a shaketable.
42. Loosely: Not firmly or tightly. Example: The rope was tied loosely around the tree.
43. Suspended: Hung or attached from above. Example: The chandelier was suspended from the ceiling.
44. Regulations: Rules or laws governing a particular area or activity. Example: The company must adhere to safety regulations.
45. Puzzled: Confused or uncertain. Example: She was puzzled by the mysterious message.
46. Advanced: Highly developed or innovative. Example: The smartphone has advanced technology.
47. Swaying: Moving gently back and forth. Example: The trees were swaying in the breeze.
48. Graceful: Elegantly beautiful or well-executed. Example: Her graceful dance captivated the audience.
49. Startling: Surprising or shocking. Example: The startling news left everyone speechless.
50. Consecutive: Following one after the other without interruption. Example: He scored consecutive goals in the game.
PASSAG-2
The True Cost of Food
Collateral: Additional, secondary, or accompanying. Example: The collateral damage from the accident was extensive.
Enervation: The state of being weakened or drained of energy. Example: The long journey left him in a state of enervation.
Monocultures: Farming or cultivation of a single type of crop. Example: Monocultures can lead to soil depletion and pest problems.
Battery rearing: The practice of raising livestock in confined spaces. Example: Battery rearing of chickens is criticized for its inhumane conditions.
Genetic engineering: The manipulation of an organism's genes to achieve specific traits. Example: Genetic engineering has led to the development of disease-resistant crops.
Onward march: The continuous progression or advancement. Example: The onward march of technology has transformed our lives.
Yields: The amount of produce or crop produced. Example: The high yields of corn in this field are impressive.
Colossal: Extremely large or significant. Example: The task ahead of us is a colossal challenge.
Vanished: Disappeared or became extinct. Example: The rare species vanished from the forest.
Wildflowers: Flowers that grow naturally in the wild. Example: The meadow is filled with colorful wildflowers.
Fertiliser run-off: The movement of fertilizers from soil into water sources. Example: Fertilizer run-off can lead to water pollution.
Externalities: Costs or consequences that are not directly involved in a transaction. Example: Environmental externalities can impact public health.
Aesthetic: Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of art. Example: The artist's work is known for its aesthetic value.
Quantified: Measured or expressed in numerical terms. Example: The impact of the policy was quantified through research.
Staggering: Astonishing or overwhelming. Example: The amount of data collected was staggering.
Arable land: Land suitable for growing crops. Example: The region has limited arable land for farming.
Conservative estimate: A cautious or minimal calculation. Example: The budget includes a conservative estimate of expenses.
Nitrates: Chemical compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen. Example: High levels of nitrates in water can be harmful.
Phosphates: Chemical compounds containing phosphorus. Example: Phosphates are often used in fertilizers.
Cryptosporidium: A microscopic parasite that can cause illness. Example: Contaminated water sources can contain cryptosporidium.
Emissions: Release of gases or pollutants into the environment. Example: Car emissions contribute to air pollution.
Climate change: Long-term alterations in temperature and weather patterns. Example: Climate change is a global environmental concern.
Soil erosion: The process of soil being carried away by wind or water. Example: Soil erosion can lead to land degradation.
Organic carbon: Carbon-based compounds in organic matter. Example: Organic carbon is essential for soil fertility.
Food poisoning: Illness caused by consuming contaminated food. Example: Proper food handling can prevent food poisoning.
Cattle disease: Health issues affecting cattle. Example: Vaccination programs help prevent cattle disease.
Sustainable: Capable of being maintained or continued over time. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote long-term environmental health.
Diverse: Varied or having a wide range. Example: Biodiversity is essential for a diverse ecosystem.
Environmental practices: Actions or methods related to protecting the environment. Example: Recycling and reducing waste are good environmental practices.
Agrochemical use: The use of chemicals in agriculture, such as pesticides. Example: Responsible agrochemical use can minimize environmental impact.
Land management: The planning and control of land resources. Example: Sustainable land management is crucial for conservation.
Water and energy use: The consumption of water and energy resources. Example: Energy-efficient appliances reduce energy use.
Food safety: Measures to ensure that food is safe to eat. Example: Food safety regulations protect consumers.
Animal health: The well-being and health of animals. Example: Proper veterinary care is essential for animal health.
Greener Food Standard: A set of criteria for environmentally friendly food production. Example: The Greener Food Standard encourages sustainable farming.
Commitment: Dedication or a promise to do something. Example: Their commitment to conservation is admirable.
Shift: A change or movement in a different direction. Example: There is a growing shift towards eco-friendly products.
Consumer: A person who purchases goods or services. Example: Consumers are becoming more conscious of their choices.
Viable: Capable of working successfully or being effective. Example: Is organic farming a viable alternative to conventional methods?
Premium: An additional cost or price for a higher-quality product. Example: Organic products often come with a price premium.
Immediate: Happening or occurring without delay. Example: We need to address the immediate concerns.
Introduction: The act of bringing something into use or existence. Example: The introduction of new technology improved efficiency.
Commitment: Dedication or a promise to do something. Example: Their commitment to conservation is admirable.
Criteria: Standards or guidelines for evaluating something. Example: The criteria for selecting the winner were clear.
Practices: Actions or procedures carried out regularly. Example: Sustainable farming practices protect the environment.
Norm: A standard or typical pattern. Example: Recycling should become the norm in our society.
Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species.
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The rainforest is a diverse and complex ecosystem.
Minimize: To reduce to the smallest possible extent. Example: We need to minimize our environmental impact.
Admirable: Worthy of respect, approval, or admiration. Example: Their dedication to humanitarian causes is admirable.
PASSAGE-3
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
Section A:
Rethink: To reconsider or revise a strategy or idea. Example: They had to rethink their marketing plan after poor results.
Integrated rural transport: A comprehensive approach to rural transport that aims to improve access to essential goods and services. Example: The integrated rural transport project aimed to make transportation more efficient for rural communities.
Objective: A goal or purpose. Example: The objective of the project was to reduce transportation time for rural households.
Social and economic development: The improvement of both social and economic conditions. Example: Education and job opportunities are essential for social and economic development.
Financial support: Funding or monetary assistance. Example: The project received financial support from various organizations.
Section B:
Isolated: Cut off or separated from others. Example: The island was isolated from the mainland during the storm.
Regional road: A road that connects different regions or areas. Example: The regional road was in poor condition and needed repair.
Alternative means: Other options or methods. Example: When the car broke down, they had to consider alternative means of transportation.
Restricted to: Limited to or confined to. Example: Access to the area was restricted to authorized personnel only.
Arduous: Difficult, strenuous, or demanding. Example: The hike up the mountain was an arduous journey.
Section C:
Approaches: Methods or strategies. Example: They explored different approaches to solving the problem.
Mechanical workshop: A place where machinery and vehicles are repaired. Example: The mechanical workshop repaired the broken equipment.
Footbridges: Structures that allow people to cross a river or stream on foot. Example: The footbridges made it easier to cross the river safely.
Efficient: Doing something well with minimal waste. Example: The new machine was more efficient and reduced production time.
Promotion: The act of supporting or encouraging something. Example: The promotion of eco-friendly products has increased.
Local manufacturable: Able to be produced locally. Example: The project focused on using locally manufacturable materials.
Section D:
Refinement: The process of improving or making something better. Example: The refinement of the design made the product more user-friendly.
Essential goods: Basic necessities or required items. Example: Access to clean water and food are essential goods.
Fluctuate: To change or vary, often in an unpredictable way. Example: Prices of goods can fluctuate based on supply and demand.
Motorised vehicles: Vehicles powered by engines, such as cars and trucks. Example: Motorised vehicles are commonly used for transportation.
Resources: Available means or assets. Example: The lack of resources made it difficult to complete the project.
Low-cost means of transport: Inexpensive methods of transportation. Example: Bicycles are considered a low-cost means of transport.
Section E:
Top-down approach: A method where decisions are made by authorities and then implemented by communities. Example: The top-down approach led to challenges in community engagement.
Villagers: People living in a village. Example: The villagers worked together to improve their community.
Awareness: Knowledge or understanding of a situation or issue. Example: The campaign aimed to raise awareness about environmental issues.
Section F:
Dedicated: Committed or devoted to a cause. Example: The team was dedicated to making a positive impact in their community.
Reference: Something used as a source of information or comparison. Example: The report serves as a reference for future research.
Initiative: A plan or action to achieve a specific goal. Example: The government launched an initiative to reduce pollution.
Community development: Efforts to improve the well-being of a community. Example: Community development projects focus on education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Well established: Firmly recognized or accepted. Example: The organization is well established in the field of education.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-3
PASSAGE-1
Ant Intelligence
1. Cognition: The mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding. Example: Human cognition involves thinking, perception, and memory.
2. Repel: To drive away or fend off. Example: The strong odor can repel insects.
3. Chemical signals: Signals or messages communicated through chemicals. Example: Chemical signals help ants communicate danger.
4. Embarrassment: A feeling of self-consciousness or discomfort. Example: She felt a sense of embarrassment when she tripped in public.
5. Aphids: Small insects often found on plants. Example: Aphids can damage crops by feeding on leaves.
6. Genes: The segments of DNA that carry genetic information. Example: Eye color is determined by our genes.
7. Cultural transmission: The passing down of knowledge and customs within a culture. Example: Cultural transmission includes language, traditions, and beliefs.
8. Instincts: Inborn patterns of behavior. Example: Animals rely on instincts for survival.
9. Continuity: The state of being continuous or unbroken. Example: The river flows with continuity throughout the year.
10. Advantage: A favorable or superior position. Example: Having prior experience is an advantage in this job.
11. Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term. Example: We need to adopt sustainable farming practices.
12. Ruined: Destroyed or severely damaged. Example: The hurricane ruined many homes.
13. Agribusiness: The business of large-scale agricultural production. Example: Agribusiness is a major industry in the region.
14. Sophisticated: Highly developed or complex. Example: The new technology is very sophisticated.
15. Fifty million years: An extended period of time. Example: The fossil record spans fifty million years.
16. Cellulose: A complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. Example: Wood contains a high amount of cellulose.
17. Domesticating: Taming or adapting for human use. Example: Humans have a history of domesticating animals.
18. Antibiotics: Medications that inhibit the growth of bacteria. Example: Doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat infections.
19. Weeds: Unwanted plants that compete with cultivated crops. Example: Gardeners need to remove weeds from their gardens.
20. Fertilize: To add nutrients to the soil to promote plant growth. Example: Farmers fertilize their fields before planting.
21. Genetically: Relating to genes or genetic material. Example: Genetically modified crops are resistant to pests.
22. Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new conditions. Example: His adaptability allowed him to thrive in different environments.
23. Intricately: In a highly detailed or complex manner. Example: The intricately carved designs were impressive.
24. Technical achievement: A notable accomplishment in a specific field. Example: The invention of the internet is a major technical achievement.
25. Supercolony: A large and interconnected group of organisms. Example: The supercolony of ants covered a vast area.
26. Megalopolis: A very large and heavily populated urban area. Example: Tokyo is a megalopolis known for its bustling streets.
27. Integrate: To combine or bring together into a unified whole. Example: The company aims to integrate new technology into its products.
28. Consulted: Sought information or advice from a source. Example: She consulted a dictionary to define the word.
29. Navigate: To find one's way or guide a path. Example: Pilots navigate airplanes through the sky.
30. Elaborate: Involving many details or complexities. Example: The elaborate plan required careful execution.
31. Complex messages: Messages with intricate or detailed content. Example: The document contained complex messages about the project.
32. Individuals: Distinct persons or entities. Example: Each individual has unique characteristics.
33. Observation: The act of watching or closely examining. Example: Scientific observation is crucial for research.
34. Exposure: Contact with or experience of something. Example: Her exposure to new cultures broadened her perspective.
35. Framework: A structure or system that provides support. Example: The framework of the building was made of steel.
36. Lifestyles: Patterns of living or ways of life. Example: Urban and rural lifestyles can be very different.
37. Foraging: Searching for food or provisions. Example: Birds engage in foraging for insects and seeds.
38. Transmit: To send or convey something. Example: Radio waves transmit signals over long distances.
39. Sequences: Ordered series of events or elements. Example: The movie's sequences were well-choreographed.
40. Laboratory: A controlled environment for scientific research. Example: The laboratory is equipped with advanced equipment.
41. Attachments: Connections or links between things. Example: The attachments in the email included photos and documents.
42. Impressively: In a way that leaves a strong positive impression. Example: Her speech was impressively eloquent.
43. Consulted: Sought information or advice from a source. Example: She consulted a dictionary to define the word.
44. Expose: To make something visible or accessible. Example: The report will expose the truth about the situation.
45. Exhaustive: Comprehensive and thorough. Example: The exhaustive study covered every aspect of the topic.
46. Attachments: Connections or links between things. Example: The attachments in the email included photos and documents.
47. Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker.
48. Individuals: Distinct persons or entities. Example: Each individual has unique characteristics.
49. Prehistoric: Relating to a time before recorded history. Example: The fossils provide insights into prehistoric life.
50. Primitive: Relating to an early or basic stage of development. Example: Primitive tools were made from stone and wood.
PASSAGE-2
Population movements and genetics
1. Archaeological: Relating to the study of past human societies through artifacts and remains. Example: The archaeological dig uncovered ancient pottery shards.
2. Fossil: The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. Example: The fossil of a dinosaur was found in the rock layers.
3. Objective: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial. Example: The scientist conducted the experiment with objective analysis.
4. Distribution: The way something is spread or arranged over an area. Example: The distribution of resources is crucial for survival.
5. Colonisers: People or groups that establish colonies in new territories. Example: The European colonisers settled in the New World.
6. Launch: To start or initiate something. Example: They plan to launch a new product next month.
7. Migration: The movement of people or animals from one place to another. Example: Bird migration patterns vary by species.
8. Genetic: Relating to genes and heredity. Example: Genetic research has advanced our understanding of DNA.
9. Markers: Indicators or signs used for identification. Example: The map had markers to show key locations.
10. Anthropologist: A person who studies human societies and cultures. Example: The anthropologist conducted fieldwork in Africa.
11. Protein: A biological molecule essential for various functions in the body. Example: Meat and beans are good sources of dietary protein.
12. Calibrated: Adjusted or measured precisely. Example: The scale needed to be calibrated for accurate readings.
13. Interbred: To breed or reproduce within a population or group. Example: The animals in the zoo are carefully managed to avoid interbreeding.
14. Variants: Different versions or forms of something. Example: There are many variants of the flu virus.
15. Inuit: Indigenous people of the Arctic regions, also known as Eskimo. Example: The Inuit have a rich cultural heritage.
16. Aleut: Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Example: The Aleut are skilled hunters and fishermen.
17. Deduced: To arrive at a conclusion through logical reasoning. Example: From the evidence, we can deduce that she was not at the scene.
18. Ancestral: Relating to one's ancestors or family lineage. Example: She traced her ancestral roots back to Europe.
19. Micro-evolution: Small-scale changes in traits within a population. Example: Micro-evolution can lead to genetic diversity.
20. Mitochondrial DNA: Genetic material found in mitochondria, inherited from the mother. Example: Mitochondrial DNA is used in ancestry testing.
21. Calibrating: Adjusting or setting a standard for measurement. Example: Calibrating the instrument ensures accurate readings.
22. Teeth: Hard, bony structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing. Example: Proper dental care is essential for healthy teeth.
23. Crown: The visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Example: The crown of the tooth was damaged and needed repair.
24. Roots: The parts of a tooth below the gum line that anchor it in the jaw. Example: The dentist examined the roots of the patient's teeth.
25. Incisor: A type of tooth used for cutting. Example: The dentist extracted the damaged incisor.
26. Premolars: Teeth located behind the canines, used for grinding food. Example: Chewing tough meat requires strong premolars.
27. Molars: Flat-topped teeth at the back of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding. Example: The dentist filled a cavity in one of the patient's molars.
28. Linguist: A person skilled in the study of languages. Example: The linguist could speak multiple languages fluently.
29. Amerind: A term referring to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Example: Amerind cultures have diverse languages and traditions.
30. Migration: The movement of people or animals from one place to another. Example: Bird migration patterns vary by species.
31. Backing: Support or confirmation for a statement or idea. Example: The research provides strong backing for the hypothesis.
32. Caution: Careful consideration or warning against potential risks. Example: It's important to exercise caution when handling chemicals.
33. Hard: Difficult to change or refute. Example: The hard evidence supported the detective's theory.
34. Environmental: Relating to the natural surroundings or conditions. Example: Environmental factors can impact an organism's behavior.
35. Evidence: Facts or information that indicate the truth or validity of a claim. Example: The fingerprints were crucial evidence in the investigation.
36. Traits: Characteristics or features of an organism. Example: Eye color is a genetic trait inherited from parents.
37. Northern: Located in the north or relating to the northern region. Example: Canada is known for its northern wilderness.
38. Crown: The visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Example: The crown of the tooth was damaged and needed repair.
39. Roots: The parts of a tooth below the gum line that anchor it in the jaw. Example: The dentist examined the roots of the patient's teeth.
40. Incisor: A type of tooth used for cutting. Example: The dentist extracted the damaged incisor.
41. Premolars: Teeth located behind the canines, used for grinding food. Example: Chewing tough meat requires strong premolars.
42. Molars: Flat-topped teeth at the back of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding. Example: The dentist filled a cavity in one of the patient's molars.
43. Linguist: A person skilled in the study of languages. Example: The linguist could speak multiple languages fluently.
44. Amerind: A term referring to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Example: Amerind cultures have diverse languages and traditions.
45. Backing: Support or confirmation for a statement or idea. Example: The research provides strong backing for the hypothesis.
46. Cauti: Careful consideration or warning against potential risks. Example: It's important to exercise caution when handling chemicals.
47. Hard: Difficult to change or refute. Example: The hard evidence supported the detective's theory.
48. Environmental: Relating to the natural surroundings or conditions. Example: Environmental factors can impact an organism's behavior.
49. Evidence: Facts or information that indicate the truth or validity of a claim. Example: The fingerprints were crucial evidence in the investigation.
50. Traits: Characteristics or features of an organism. Example: Eye color is a genetic trait inherited from parents.
PASSAGE-3
Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage
1. Heritage: The cultural, historical, or natural legacy passed down from previous generations. Example: The preservation of our cultural heritage is important.
2. Imbalances: Lack of proportion or equality. Example: Economic imbalances can lead to social unrest.
3. Mismanagement: The improper or inefficient handling of something. Example: The company suffered due to mismanagement by its leaders.
4. Co-ordinate: To organize or harmonize activities for a common purpose. Example: We need to co-ordinate our efforts to achieve success.
5. Preparatory: Relating to preparation or preliminary work. Example: The preparatory phase of the project took several weeks.
6. Geographical: Relating to the physical features of a region. Example: The geographical location of the city is ideal for trade.
7. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The ecosystem of the rainforest is incredibly diverse.
8. Biological: Relating to living organisms and their processes. Example: Biological research helps us understand life on Earth.
9. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy. Example: Photosynthesis is essential for plant growth.
10. Renewed: Restored or regenerated. Example: The forest's renewed vitality was evident after the rain.
11. Unwind: To relax or release tension. Example: After a long day at work, she liked to unwind with a book.
12. Leisure: Free time for relaxation and enjoyment. Example: Weekends are for leisure activities and hobbies.
13. Condemned: To express strong disapproval or criticism. Example: The public condemned the government's decision.
14. Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from adversity. Example: Her resilience helped her overcome life's challenges.
15. Myth: A traditional story or belief, often with a supernatural element. Example: The myth of Atlantis has fascinated people for centuries.
16. Primary: Original or existing from the beginning. Example: Primary education is crucial for a child's development.
17. Transcend: To go beyond or surpass. Example: His artistry transcends mere painting; it's a form of expression.
18. Vital: Essential or necessary for life. Example: Water is vital for all living organisms.
19. Declaration: A formal or explicit statement. Example: The president made a declaration of peace.
20. Surveillance: The monitoring or observation of a place or person. Example: Security cameras provide constant surveillance.
21. Cumulative: Increasing or growing by accumulation. Example: The cumulative effect of pollution is harming the environment.
22. Culprits: Those responsible for a wrongdoing. Example: The police are searching for the culprits of the robbery.
23. Compounds: A combination of two or more elements. Example: Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen compounds.
24. Climatic: Relating to the climate or weather conditions. Example: The region's climatic patterns are changing.
25. Imbalances: Lack of proportion or equality. Example: Economic imbalances can lead to social unrest.
26. Preserve: To protect and maintain something in its original state. Example: We must preserve our natural habitats.
27. Databank: A collection of data or information stored electronically. Example: The company maintains a vast databank of customer information.
28. Mountain ecosystem: The complex web of relationships among the living and non-living components in mountain regions. Example: The mountain ecosystem faces unique challenges.
29. Skiing: The sport or activity of sliding on snow using skis. Example: Many tourists visit the mountains for skiing in the winter.
30. Physiological: Related to the normal functions of living organisms. Example: Physiological changes occur during exercise.
31. Biochemical: Related to the chemical processes occurring within living organisms. Example: The study of biochemical reactions is essential in medicine.
32. Harmonizing: Bringing elements into agreement or balance. Example: Harmonizing different voices in a choir requires skill.
33. Protection: The act of keeping someone or something safe from harm. Example: The protection of endangered species is a priority.
34. Frontiers: Boundaries or limits. Example: The explorer crossed the frontiers of uncharted territory.
35. Participant: Someone who takes part in an activity or event. Example: The participants in the study provided valuable data.
36. Continuity: The state of maintaining a consistent or uninterrupted flow. Example: Continuity in leadership is important for organizational stability.
37. Scholarships: Financial support or grants for education. Example: She received a scholarship to attend college.
38. Framework: A structure or system that provides support or organization. Example: The framework of the project outlines its key components.
39. Priority: Something that is given greater importance or urgency. Example: Safety is our top priority in this project.
40. Ecologically: In a manner related to the relationships between organisms and their environment. Example: Ecologically, the wetlands play a crucial role.
41. Ministerial: Relating to government ministers or their roles. Example: The ministerial conference discussed important policies.
42. Renewable: Capable of being replaced or restored. Example: Solar energy is a renewable source of power.
43. Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Example: Protecting biodiversity is essential for a healthy planet.
44. Reversible: Capable of being undone or changed back. Example: The damage to the environment may not be reversible.
45. Emissions: Releases of substances, often pollutants, into the atmosphere. Example: The reduction of carbon emissions is a global concern.
46. Harvesting: The process of gathering crops or resources. Example: Harvesting timber must be done sustainably.
47. Erosion: The gradual wearing away of soil or rock by natural forces. Example: Coastal erosion is a problem in many regions.
48. Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species.
49. Stewardship: The responsible management and care of resources. Example: Environmental stewardship is essential for future generations.
50. Sustainability: The capacity to endure and maintain balance over time. Example: The goal is to achieve sustainability in agriculture and industry.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-4
PASSAGE-1
Pulling string to build pyramids
Hieroglyph: A system of writing using pictures or symbols. Example: Ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphs to record their history.
Mechanical: Relating to machines or machinery. Example: The mechanical engineer designed the new car engine.
Aeronautics: The study and practice of flight and aviation. Example: Aeronautics has led to advances in air travel technology.
Modest: Not excessive or extravagant; moderate. Example: She lived a modest life in a small town.
Trolley: A wheeled vehicle used for transporting goods. Example: The workers used a trolley to move heavy equipment.
Rectangular: Having the shape of a rectangle. Example: The room had a rectangular layout with four walls.
Nylon: A synthetic material used in various applications. Example: Her jacket was made of lightweight nylon.
Stunned: Extremely surprised or shocked. Example: The unexpected news left him stunned.
Force: Strength or power applied to move or change something. Example: The force of the wind pushed against the sail.
Vertical: Upright or in an upright position. Example: The flagpole stood vertically in the center of the park.
Gentle: Mild or soft in force or effect. Example: The gentle breeze rustled the leaves of the trees.
Jerk: A sudden, sharp movement or force. Example: The jerk of the car's brakes made everyone lurch forward.
Brute force: The use of sheer strength or power. Example: Opening the jammed door required brute force.
Convinced: Firmly persuaded or certain of something. Example: She was convinced that her plan would succeed.
Specialists: Experts or professionals in a particular field. Example: Specialists in medicine treat specific health conditions.
Non-existent: Not existing or lacking in reality. Example: Evidence for the theory was non-existent.
Sailors: People who operate or work on ships. Example: Experienced sailors navigated the rough seas.
Pulleys: Wheels with a grooved rim used to change the direction of a force. Example: The pulleys helped lift heavy objects.
Artifact: An object made by humans, often of historical or cultural significance. Example: The museum displayed ancient artifacts from different civilizations.
Gliders: Aircraft designed for unpowered flight. Example: The pilot controlled the glider as it soared through the sky.
Sophistication: The quality of being refined or advanced. Example: The sophistication of the technology amazed everyone.
Developing: Advancing or improving over time. Example: The country was developing its infrastructure rapidly.
Civilisations: Advanced societies with complex cultural and social systems. Example: Ancient civilizations left behind impressive architectural wonders.
Messages: Information or communication sent from one person to another. Example: She received a heartfelt message from her friend.
Debris: Scattered fragments or remains of something destroyed. Example: After the explosion, the debris covered the area.
Practical: Useful or suitable for a particular purpose. Example: His practical advice helped solve the problem.
Access: The ability or right to enter or use something. Example: The keycard provides access to the building.
Equipment: Tools or machinery needed for a specific task. Example: The construction site had a lot of heavy equipment.
Design: The plan or arrangement of something. Example: The architect presented the building design to the client.
Hints: Clues or suggestions about something. Example: She gave him some helpful hints for solving the puzzle.
Construction: The process of building or creating something. Example: The construction of the new bridge is underway.
Century: A period of 100 years. Example: The 21st century brought many technological advancements.
AD: Abbreviation for "Anno Domini," which means "in the year of our Lord" and is used to indicate years after the birth of Jesus Christ. Example: The event took place in 2023 AD.
PASSAGE-2
Endless Harvest
1. Archipelago: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Greek archipelago is known for its beautiful islands.
2. Inhabitants: People or organisms that live in a particular place. Example: The inhabitants of the forest include various wildlife species.
3. Bounty: A generous amount or supply of something. Example: The garden produced a bounty of fresh vegetables.
4. Shellfish: Seafood with a hard protective shell. Example: We enjoyed a delicious meal of shellfish at the seafood restaurant.
5. Crustaceans: Aquatic animals with a hard exoskeleton, like crabs and lobsters. Example: Crustaceans are commonly found in ocean ecosystems.
6. Mollusks: Soft-bodied animals with a hard shell, such as snails and clams. Example: Some mollusks are known for their intricate shell patterns.
7. Ex-vessel: The value of fish or seafood at the point of landing or capture. Example: The ex-vessel price of the fish was recorded by the fisherman.
8. Cultural: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group. Example: The festival celebrated the cultural diversity of the community.
9. Flourish: To grow or thrive in a healthy way. Example: The flowers flourished in the garden with proper care.
10. Paraconsciously: Beyond or outside of conscious awareness. Example: Some thoughts and behaviors may occur paraconsciously.
11. Over-fishing: Harvesting fish or seafood from a body of water at a rate that exceeds its natural replenishment. Example: Over-fishing can lead to the depletion of fish populations.
12. Crashes: Sudden and dramatic declines or failures. Example: The stock market experienced several crashes throughout its history.
13. Disaster area: A region affected by a natural or man-made disaster. Example: After the hurricane, the coastal town was declared a disaster area.
14. Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term without causing harm to the environment or resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the land for future generations.
15. Biologists: Scientists who study living organisms and their interactions. Example: Biologists conduct research to understand ecosystems.
16. Sonar: A system that uses sound waves to detect and locate objects underwater. Example: Submarines use sonar technology for navigation.
17. Sport fishing: Recreational fishing for enjoyment rather than for commercial purposes. Example: Sport fishing is a popular activity for anglers.
18. Prosper: To succeed and thrive, often in terms of wealth or well-being. Example: The company continued to prosper despite economic challenges.
19. Endangered: At risk of becoming extinct or disappearing from the wild. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species.
20. Abundance: A large quantity or plenty of something. Example: The garden was filled with an abundance of colorful flowers.
21. Judged: Evaluated or assessed based on certain criteria. Example: The talent show contestants were judged by a panel of experts.
22. Environmental responsibility: The duty to protect and preserve the environment. Example: Companies are increasingly adopting environmental responsibility practices.
23. Collapsed: Suffered a sudden and complete breakdown or failure. Example: The building's roof collapsed under the weight of heavy snow.
24. Subsistence: The act of providing for basic needs, often related to food and shelter. Example: Subsistence farming is common in rural areas.
25. Climatic shifts: Changes in weather patterns and conditions. Example: Climatic shifts can lead to unpredictable weather events.
26. El Niño/La Niña: Climatic phenomena associated with changes in Pacific Ocean temperatures. Example: The occurrence of El Niño can lead to extreme weather patterns.
27. Frozen: Turned into ice or subjected to freezing temperatures. Example: The pond was frozen solid in the winter.
28. Reacted: Responded to a situation or stimulus. Example: The team reacted quickly to the emergency.
29. Certified: Officially recognized or approved by an authoritative body. Example: The product was certified for meeting safety standards.
30. Environmental standards: Guidelines or criteria related to environmental protection. Example: Companies must adhere to strict environmental standards.
31. Appoint: To select or designate someone for a specific role or task. Example: The committee appointed a new chairman.
32. Criteria: Standards or conditions used for evaluation. Example: Meeting the criteria for the scholarship requires a high GPA.
33. Devastated: Caused severe emotional or physical damage. Example: The hurricane devastated the coastal town.
34. Initial: Happening at the beginning or starting point. Example: The initial phase of the project involves planning.
35. Review: An assessment or evaluation of something. Example: The review of the film was positive.
36. Required: Necessary or mandatory. Example: Safety equipment is required in the workplace.
37. Display: To show or present something for others to see. Example: The art gallery will display the new paintings.
38. Label: A tag or sticker with information about a product. Example: Check the label for the expiration date.
39. Replenishment: The act of refilling or restocking something. Example: The replenishment of supplies is essential for the project.
40. Harvests: The process of gathering crops or natural resources. Example: The harvests of apples were bountiful this year.
41. In-Season: Occurring during the appropriate time or season. Example: Fishing is only allowed in-season to protect fish populations.
42. Abundance-Based Management: Managing resources based on their current availability. Example: Abundance-based management helps ensure sustainable fishing.
43. Streamside: Along the banks or edges of a stream or river. Example: We enjoyed a picnic in the streamside meadow.
44. Cumulative: Accumulative or adding up over time. Example: The cumulative effect of pollution can harm the environment.
45. Excess: An amount that is more than necessary or usual. Example: There was an excess of food at the buffet.
46. Salmon eggs: The eggs or roe of the salmon fish. Example: The riverbanks are a crucial spawning ground for salmon eggs.
47. Certification process: A series of steps to determine if something meets specific standards or criteria. Example: The certification process ensures product quality.
48. Committee: A group of people appointed for a specific purpose, often to make decisions. Example: The committee met to discuss the budget.
49. Environmental responsibility: The duty to protect and preserve the environment. Example: Companies are increasingly adopting environmental responsibility practices.
50. Continuing: Persisting or ongoing over a period of time. Example: The project's continuing success is attributed to teamwork.
spawners: fish thai have released eggs spawn: release eggs
PASSAGE-3
EFFECTS of Noise
1. Plausible: Believable or reasonable. Example: His explanation for the accident seemed plausible.
2. Adapting: Adjusting or changing to fit new conditions. Example: Moving to a new country requires adapting to a different culture.
3. Countryside: Rural or open areas away from cities. Example: The countryside offers a peaceful escape from city life.
4. Range: A variety or assortment within a particular limit. Example: The store sells a range of products from electronics to clothing.
5. Research: The systematic investigation of a subject. Example: Scientists conduct research to gather data and make discoveries.
6. Exposure: Being subjected to or experiencing something. Example: Her exposure to different cultures enriched her worldview.
7. Bursts: Sudden and brief releases or instances. Example: The firecrackers created loud bursts of sound.
8. Physiological: Related to the body's physical functions. Example: Stress can have a negative impact on physiological health.
9. Disruptive: Causing disturbance or interruption. Example: The noisy construction work was disruptive to the neighborhood.
10. Arousal: A state of heightened alertness or excitement. Example: Her arousal increased as she approached the finish line.
11. Interfered: To get in the way or hinder progress. Example: The loud music interfered with her ability to concentrate.
12. Concentrate: To focus one's attention or efforts. Example: It's important to concentrate when solving complex problems.
13. Aeroplane: Another term for an airplane. Example: The aeroplane was ready for takeoff.
14. Interfere: To disrupt or hinder the normal process. Example: The storm could interfere with our travel plans.
15. Tracking: Monitoring or following the movement of something. Example: The radar system is used for tracking aircraft.
16. Paraconsciously: Operating at a level below conscious awareness. Example: She made decisions paraconsciously without realizing it.
17. Predictability: The quality of being able to be anticipated or expected. Example: The predictability of his behavior made him easy to understand.
18. Chronic: Persistent or ongoing over a long period. Example: Chronic pain can be difficult to manage.
19. Tune out: To stop paying attention to something. Example: She learned to tune out distractions while studying.
20. Intrusions: Unwanted interruptions or interference. Example: The constant intrusions made it hard to focus on work.
21. Annoying: Causing irritation or displeasure. Example: The constant noise from construction was annoying.
22. Proofreading: Checking and correcting errors in written text. Example: She spent hours proofreading her essay before submitting it.
23. Fatigue: Physical or mental tiredness. Example: After a long day of work, she felt fatigue.
24. Variable: A factor that can change or vary. Example: Temperature is a variable that affects plant growth.
25. Control: The power to influence or manage something. Example: She has control over the company's finances.
26. Option: A choice or alternative. Example: You have the option to upgrade your membership.
27. Eliminates: Completely removes or gets rid of. Example: The new software eliminates the need for manual data entry.
28. Effects: Outcomes or consequences of actions. Example: The effects of climate change are becoming more evident.
29. Lasting: Continuing for a long time or permanent. Example: The impact of his words had a lasting effect on her.
30. Follow-up: A subsequent action or investigation. Example: The doctor scheduled a follow-up appointment to check progress.
31. Distracted: Unable to concentrate due to interruptions. Example: The noisy neighbors distracted him from his work.
32. Classrooms: Rooms where students receive instruction. Example: The classroom was equipped with modern technology.
33. Comparable: Similar or equivalent in some way. Example: These two products are comparable in quality.
34. Ethnicity: Cultural or social background. Example: The festival celebrates the ethnicity of various communities.
35. Matched: Paired or compared with another. Example: The two teams were evenly matched in skill.
36. Investigators: People who conduct research or inquiries. Example: The investigators gathered evidence at the crime scene.
37. Quiet: Free from noise or disturbance. Example: The quiet of the forest was peaceful and serene.
38. Day after day: Continuously, without interruption. Example: She worked diligently day after day to achieve her goals.
39. Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Example: High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart disease.
40. Serious: Significant or important. Example: This is a serious matter that requires immediate attention.
41. Distractible: Easily diverted or unable to focus. Example: The noisy environment made her feel distractible.
42. Neighborhoods: Local areas or communities. Example: The neighborhoods in the city are diverse and vibrant.
43. Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new conditions. Example: Her adaptability helped her thrive in different environments.
44. Worry: To feel anxious or concerned. Example: She couldn't help but worry about her upcoming exams.
45. Investigators: People who conduct research or inquiries. Example: The investigators gathered evidence at the crime scene.
46. Serene: Calm and peaceful. Example: The serene lake was a perfect place for meditation.
47. Impact: The effect or influence of something. Example: The impact of the earthquake was devastating.
48. Progress: Forward movement or development. Example: She tracked her progress in her journal.
49. Management: The process of controlling or overseeing. Example: Effective management is essential for a successful business.
50. Investigation: A systematic inquiry or examination. Example: The police conducted an investigation into the robbery.
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