ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1
William Henry Perkin
1.Invented (Past tense of "invent"): Created something new. Example: He invented a groundbreaking device.
2. Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories.
3. Enthusiasm: A strong feeling of excitement and interest. Example: Her enthusiasm for the project was contagious.
4. Immersed: Deeply involved in or absorbed by something. Example: She was immersed in her studies all weekend.
5. Perceived: Became aware of or noticed something. Example: He perceived a change in the atmosphere.
6. Eminent: Famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession. Example: She is an eminent scientist in her field.
7. Breakthrough: A significant development or discovery. Example: The invention of the internet was a major breakthrough.
8. Viable: Capable of working successfully; feasible. Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding.
9. Desirability: The quality of being desirable or attractive. Example: The desirability of the location increased property prices.
10. Substitute: A replacement for something. Example: Soy milk can be a substitute for cow's milk.
11. Synthetic: Made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product. Example: Synthetic materials are used in making plastic.
12. Incorporating: Including or combining something. Example: The new plan incorporates the latest technology.
13. Mysterious: Difficult to understand or explain. Example: The disappearance of the ship remains mysterious.
14. Solution: A liquid mixture in which substances are dissolved. Example: The chemist created a powerful cleaning solution.
15. Potential: The possibility of something happening or being developed. Example: He has great potential as an athlete.
16. Historically: In the past, as it relates to history. Example: Historically, this city has been a center of trade.
17. Outrageously: In a shocking or extremely excessive manner. Example: The price of that luxury car is outrageously high.
18. Backdrop: The setting or background of a situation. Example: The mountain provided a beautiful backdrop for the wedding.
19. Grasped: Understood or perceived. Example: She quickly grasped the concept of the game.
20. Manufacture: To make goods or products on a large scale. Example: The company manufactures smartphones.
21. Fast: Resistant to fading or running. Example: The color of the shirt remained fast after several washes.
22. Commercial: Relating to or engaged in commerce or business. Example: The commercial sector of the economy is booming.
23. Utilizing: Making practical and effective use of something. Example: They are utilizing renewable energy sources.
24. Flattered: Pleased or complimented. Example: She was flattered by the compliments on her dress.
25. Fashionable: Stylish and currently popular. Example: That hairstyle is very fashionable this season.
26. Bold: Fearless and confident. Example: She made a bold decision to start her own business.
27. Chemist: A person who specializes in the science of chemistry. Example: The chemist conducted experiments in the laboratory.
28. Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Communication is crucial in any relationship.
29. Bacteria: Microscopic organisms that can cause disease. Example: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
30. Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria. Example: Tuberculosis is caused by bacilli.
31. Artificial: Made by humans; not natural. Example: Artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly.
32. Vital: Absolutely necessary or essential. Example: Water is vital for survival.
33. Fame: The state of being known or recognized by many people. Example: Her talent brought her fame and fortune.
34. Assured: Guaranteed or made certain. Example: He assured us that the project would be completed on time.
35. Research: The systematic investigation of a subject. Example: The research revealed interesting findings.
36. Role: The function or part played by someone or something. Example: His role in the project was crucial.
37. Contemporary: Belonging to or occurring in the present. Example: Contemporary art often challenges traditional norms.
38. Quest: A search or pursuit made in order to find or obtain something. Example: Their quest for knowledge led them on a long journey.
39. Medicine: The science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Example: He studied medicine to become a doctor.
40. Malaria: A disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Example: Malaria is a major health concern in some regions.
PASSAGE-2
IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?
1. Haunted: To be continually troubled or worried by something. Example: The memory of the accident haunted her for years.
2. Acronym: An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words. Example: NASA is an acronym for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
3. Intelligent: Having the ability to think, learn, and understand. Example: She is known for her intelligent and insightful analysis.
4. Intermittently: Occurring at irregular intervals; not continuously. Example: The rain fell intermittently throughout the day.
5. Determined: Having a strong desire to do something and not giving up easily. Example: She was determined to finish the marathon.
6. Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories.
7. Fostered: Encouraged the development or growth of something. Example: The school fostered a love of learning in its students.
8. Detection: The act of discovering or identifying something. Example: The detection of a rare bird species thrilled the ornithologists.
9. Horizon: The line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: The sun dipped below the horizon, creating a beautiful sunset.
10. Optimism: A hopeful and positive outlook on the future. Example: Despite the challenges, her optimism kept her going.
11. Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Your argument is based on false assumptions.
12. Observable: Capable of being seen or noticed. Example: The effects of climate change are now observable worldwide.
13. Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space.
14. Transmit: To send or convey information from one place to another. Example: We can transmit data through the internet.
15. Concentrated: Focused or gathered in one place or on one thing. Example: The company concentrated its efforts on improving customer service.
16. Thorough: Complete, with attention to every detail. Example: She conducted a thorough investigation of the case.
17. Ethical: Relating to moral principles or values. Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business.
18. Superior: Higher in quality, rank, or importance. Example: The team demonstrated superior skills in the competition.
19. Urgency: The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Example: The urgency of the situation demanded swift action.
20. Global: Relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: Climate change is a global issue affecting all nations.
21. Culture Shock: A feeling of disorientation when experiencing a different culture. Example: Moving to a foreign country often leads to culture shock.
22. Drafts: To prepare or write a plan, document, or letter. Example: She drafted a proposal for the new project.
23. Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough.
24. Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild.
25. Variety: A number of different types or forms of something. Example: The store offers a variety of products.
26. Intelligent: Having the ability to think, learn, and understand. Example: She is known for her intelligent and insightful analysis.
27. Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space.
28. Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild.
29. Detection: The act of discovering or identifying something. Example: The detection of a rare bird species thrilled the ornithologists.
30. Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough.
31. Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space.
32. Urgency: The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Example: The urgency of the situation demanded swift action.
33. Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories.
34. Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough.
35. Ethical: Relating to moral principles or values. Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business.
36. Optimism: A hopeful and positive outlook on the future. Example: Despite the challenges, her optimism kept her going.
37. Thorough: Complete, with attention to every detail. Example: She conducted a thorough investigation of the case.
38. Transmit: To send or convey information from one place to another. Example: We can transmit data through the internet.
39. Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild.
40. Global: Relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: Climate change is a global issue affecting all nations.
41. Observable: Capable of being seen or noticed. Example: The effects of climate change are now observable worldwide.
42. Controversial: Causing disagreement or argument. Example: The new law is controversial and has sparked debate.
43. Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Your argument is based on false assumptions.
44. Horizon: The line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: The sun dipped below the horizon, creating a beautiful sunset.
45. Debate: A formal discussion on a particular topic in which opposing arguments are put forward. Example: The debate on climate change continues to be a global concern.
46. Drafts: To prepare or write a plan, document, or letter. Example: She drafted a proposal for the new project.
47. Impracticality: Lack of practicality or feasibility. Example: The plan had to be abandoned due to its impracticality.
48. Variety: A number of different types or forms of something. Example: The store offers a variety of products.
49. Resemble: To look like or be similar to someone or something. Example: The two brothers strongly resemble each other.
50. Conservative: Tending to favor traditional values and cautious about change. Example: His conservative views often clash with modern trends.
Top of Form
PASSAGE-3
THE HISTORY OF THE TORTOISE
1. Evolutionary: Relating to the process of gradual development and change over time. Example: Evolutionary biology studies the history of life on Earth.
2. Enterprising: Showing initiative and readiness to undertake new projects. Example: The enterprising explorer ventured into uncharted territory.
3. Parched: Extremely dry, often due to lack of water. Example: The desert was so parched that nothing could grow there.
4. Cellular: Relating to cells, the basic structural units of living organisms. Example: Cellular biology explores the functions of individual cells.
5. Fluids: Substances that flow and can take the shape of their container, like liquids or gases. Example: Water and air are examples of fluids.
6. Reptiles: Cold-blooded vertebrate animals, including snakes, lizards, and turtles. Example: Crocodiles are large reptiles found in tropical regions.
7. Crustaceans: A large group of arthropods, including crabs and lobsters, typically with a hard exoskeleton. Example: The seafood restaurant serves various crustaceans.
8. Millipedes: Arthropods with long segmented bodies and many legs. Example: Millipedes are often found in damp forest environments.
9. Centipedes: Arthropods with long, flattened bodies and numerous legs. Example: Centipedes are skilled hunters of smaller insects.
10. Marine: Relating to the sea or ocean. Example: Marine life includes a wide variety of creatures.
11. Invasion: The act of entering a place or area in large numbers. Example: The invasion of tourists during the holiday season is common.
12. Intermediates: Entities or organisms that are in-between or transitional states. Example: Fossils can provide evidence of intermediates in evolution.
13. Remote: Far away in distance or time. Example: The remote island was difficult to access.
14. Incarnation: A particular form or version of something. Example: Her latest role is considered her best incarnation as an actress.
15. Gills: Organs in fish and other aquatic animals for extracting oxygen from water. Example: Fish use their gills to breathe underwater.
16. Fossils: Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. Example: Paleontologists study fossils to learn about prehistoric life.
17. Amphibious: Able to live both on land and in water. Example: Frogs are amphibious animals.
18. Terrestrial: Relating to the land or Earth. Example: Terrestrial planets like Earth have solid surfaces.
19. Branches: Divisions or offshoots of a larger system or group. Example: The family tree had many branches.
20. Nested: Placed or situated inside something else. Example: The smaller box was nested inside the larger one.
21. Primeval: Relating to the earliest ages or periods of history. Example: The primeval forest had remained untouched for centuries.
22. Remarkable: Exceptionally impressive or notable. Example: Her talent for music was truly remarkable.
23. Double: Twice as much or in two ways. Example: Winning the championship was a double victory for the team.
24. Continuously: Without interruption or stopping. Example: The machine ran continuously for 24 hours.
25. Generations: Groups of individuals born and living at the same time. Example: Family traditions are passed down through generations.
26. Ancestry: The lineage or family history of a person or organism. Example: She traced her ancestry back to Europe.
27. Remote: Far away in distance or time. Example: The remote island was difficult to access.
28. Intermediates: Entities or organisms that are in-between or transitional states. Example: Fossils can provide evidence of intermediates in evolution.
29. Triangle: A geometric shape with three sides and three angles. Example: The base of the pyramid forms a triangle.
30. Thick: Having a relatively large distance between opposite surfaces or sides. Example: The book had a thick cover.
31. Continuous: Without interruption or stopping. Example: The continuous rain lasted for hours.
32. Amphibious: Able to live both on land and in water. Example: Frogs are amphibious animals.
33. Preserved: Kept in its original state or condition. Example: The ancient manuscript was well-preserved.
34. Impressively: In a manner that leaves a strong and positive impact. Example: Her performance at the concert was impressively powerful.
35. Untouched: Not affected or changed by something. Example: The natural beauty of the wilderness remained untouched.
36. Offshoots: Secondary branches or developments that originate from a main source. Example: The company had various offshoots that specialized in different industries.
37. Aquatic: Relating to or living in water. Example: Fish are well-adapted to their aquatic environment.
38. Triangular: Having the shape of a triangle. Example: The road junction formed a triangular pattern.
39. Impressive: Evoking admiration or respect because of size, quality, or skill. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly impressive.
40. Reverted: Returned to a previous state or condition. Example: After a period of experimentation, the artist reverted to her original style.
41. Evidence: Proof or information that supports a claim or statement. Example: There is strong evidence to support the theory of evolution.
42. Measurements: The act or process of determining the size, length, or quantity of something. Example: Accurate measurements are crucial in scientific research.
43. Exoskeleton: A hard, external protective covering of certain animals, such as insects and crustaceans. Example: The exoskeleton of a lobster provides protection.
44. Situations: The conditions or circumstances in which something happens or exists. Example: Different situations require different approaches.
45. Relative: Considered in relation or in proportion to something else. Example: The price of the car is relative to its features.
46. Terrestrial: Relating to the land or Earth. Example: Terrestrial ecosystems include forests and grasslands.
47. Ancestors: People or organisms from whom one is descended. Example: Exploring one's family tree can uncover distant ancestors.
48. Exceptionally: To a higher degree or unusually. Example: The chef's culinary skills were exceptionally impressive.
49. Transitional: Relating to a period of change or transition. Example: The transitional phase between childhood and adulthood is challenging.
50. Deserts: Arid and dry regions with little rainfall and vegetation. Example: The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
READING PASSAGE – 1
1. Chronic: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Example: Chronic pain can significantly affect one's quality of life.
2. Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding. Example: Cognitive therapy aims to improve cognitive functions in patients with brain injuries.
3. Impede: To obstruct or hinder the progress of something. Example: Heavy traffic can impede the flow of vehicles on the highway.
4. Reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant to do something. Example: She was reluctant to speak in public due to her fear of public speaking.
5. Pervasive: Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive influence of social media affects people of all ages.
6. Inclusive: Including all types of people or ideas. Example: The school promotes an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated.
7. Implement: To put a plan or decision into effect. Example: The government plans to implement new safety regulations next year.
8. Endorse: To publicly support or approve of something. Example: The celebrity endorsed the new skincare product in a television commercial.
9. Inadequate: Not sufficient or not good enough for a particular purpose. Example: The company's resources were inadequate to meet the growing demand.
10. Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: The organization engages in advocacy for children's rights.
11. Consensus: General agreement among a group of people. Example: The team reached a consensus on the best approach to the project.
12. Mobilize: To organize or prepare something, such as resources or troops, for action. Example: The government mobilized emergency services in response to the natural disaster.
13. Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or challenges. Example: Despite facing setbacks, his resilience helped him bounce back stronger.
14. Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The government plans to invest in improving the country's infrastructure, including roads and bridges.
15. Inequality: The unfair situation in society where some people have more opportunities, money, etc., than others. Example: Income inequality remains a significant issue in many countries around the world.
16. Sustainable: Capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing severe ecological damage. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment for future generations.
17. Diverse: Showing a great deal of variety or differences. Example: The company prides itself on its diverse workforce, representing people from different backgrounds and cultures.
18. Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has revolutionized many industries, including healthcare and transportation.
19. Collaboration: The action of working with someone to produce something. Example: The collaboration between scientists from different countries led to groundbreaking research.
20. Empowerment: The process of giving someone the authority or power to do something. Example: Education is key to the empowerment of individuals in society.
21. Transparency: The quality of being open and honest, without hidden agendas or motives. Example: The government promised transparency in its decision-making processes.
22. Incentive: Something that motivates or encourages someone to do something. Example: The company offers financial incentives to employees who meet their performance targets.
23. Innovative: Introducing or using new ideas or methods. Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design.
24. Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or changes. Example: Plants have evolved various adaptations to survive in different environments.
25. Resilient: Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions. Example: Despite facing economic downturns, the company has proven to be resilient.
26. Mitigate: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide.
27. Collateral: Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default. Example: The bank accepted the house as collateral for the loan.
28. Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has revolutionized many industries, including healthcare and transportation.
29. Resourceful: Skilled at finding ways to deal with difficult situations or to solve problems. Example: She is a resourceful entrepreneur who always finds creative solutions to challenges.
30. Inclusive: Including all types of people or ideas. Example: The school promotes an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated.
31. Sustainability: The ability to maintain or endure something over the long term without causing significant damage to the environment or depleting resources. Example: The company is committed to sustainability practices, such as using renewable energy sources and reducing waste.
32. Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: The organization engages in advocacy for environmental conservation.
33. Inequality: The state of being unequal, especially in terms of opportunities, wealth, or social status. Example: Income inequality remains a pressing issue in many societies.
34. Collaboration: Working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: The successful project outcome was a result of effective collaboration between different departments.
35. Empowerment: The process of giving individuals or groups the authority or power to do something. Example: Education is a key factor in the empowerment of marginalized communities.
36. Transparency: Openness and honesty in actions and decisions, without hidden agendas. Example: The company's commitment to transparency builds trust with its customers.
37. Incentive: Something that motivates or encourages someone to take action or achieve a goal. Example: The company offers bonuses as an incentive for employees to meet sales targets.
38. Innovative: Introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies that bring about significant change or improvement. Example: The company's innovative approach to product design sets it apart from its competitors.
39. Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or environments. Example: Animals develop physical and behavioral adaptations to survive in their habitats.
40. Resilient: Able to recover quickly from difficulties or setbacks. Example: Despite facing challenges, the community demonstrated its resilience in rebuilding after the natural disaster.
41. Mitigate: To lessen the severity or impact of something, such as a problem or risk. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide.
42. Resourceful: Skilled at finding quick and clever solutions to problems. Example: She demonstrated her resourcefulness by improvising tools from materials at hand.
43. Renewable: Capable of being replenished or replaced naturally within a relatively short period. Example: Solar and wind energy are renewable sources of power.
44. Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or technologies that bring about significant change or improvement. Example: Technological innovation has transformed the way we communicate and work.
45. Sustainability: The ability to maintain or endure something over the long term without causing significant damage to the environment or depleting resources. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices promote soil health and biodiversity.
46. Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: Advocacy groups campaign for policy changes to address social injustices.
47. Inequality: Disparity or unfairness in opportunities, resources, or treatment. Example: Gender inequality persists in many workplaces despite efforts to promote diversity and inclusion.
48. Collaboration: Cooperative effort between individuals or groups to achieve a common goal. Example: The successful completion of the project was the result of effective collaboration among team members.
49. Empowerment: The process of giving individuals or communities the tools and resources needed to make decisions and take control of their lives. Example: Education is a powerful tool for empowerment, enabling individuals to pursue their aspirations.
50. Transparency: Openness and honesty in actions and decisions, allowing for accountability and trust. Example: Government transparency ensures that citizens are informed about the use of public funds and decisions affecting their lives.
PASSAGE-2
Venus in Transit
1. Ultimate: The final or eventual outcome or purpose. Example: The ultimate goal of the project was to improve access to clean water in remote areas.
2. Scale: The relative size or extent of something compared to other similar things. Example: The scale of the universe is difficult to comprehend due to its vastness.
3. Expedition: A journey undertaken for a particular purpose, often exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition discovered a new species of plant in the rainforest.
4. Difficulties: Obstacles or challenges that hinder progress or success. Example: Despite facing many difficulties, they persevered and completed the project on time.
5. Superseded: Replaced by something newer or more advanced. Example: Traditional farming methods have been superseded by modern agricultural techniques.
6. Calculation: The process of determining a value or result through mathematical methods. Example: The calculation of the rocket's trajectory required complex mathematical equations.
7. Accuracy: The degree of correctness or precision in measurements or information. Example: The accuracy of the weather forecast depends on reliable data and advanced forecasting models.
8. Spectacular: Remarkable or impressive in a dramatic or eye-catching way. Example: The sunset over the ocean was truly spectacular, with vibrant colors painting the sky.
9. Cosmic: Relating to the universe or cosmos, especially in a grand or vast sense. Example: The cosmic background radiation is a remnant of the Big Bang.
10. Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different perspectives. Example: Astronomers use parallax to determine the distance to nearby stars.
11. Respected: Held in high esteem or admiration by others. Example: The professor was widely respected for his contributions to the field of physics.
12. Significant: Meaningful, important, or having a notable impact. Example: The discovery of a new species in the rainforest was significant for biodiversity conservation.
13. Measurement: The process of determining the size, quantity, or extent of something using standardized units. Example: Accurate measurements are essential for scientific experiments and engineering projects.
14. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose, especially in scientific or technical contexts. Example: The laboratory was equipped with various instruments for conducting experiments.
15. Distance: The amount of space between two points or objects, often measured in units such as meters or kilometers. Example: The distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384,400 kilometers.
16. Apparent: Seeming or appearing to be true, though not necessarily so. Example: The apparent motion of the stars across the night sky is caused by the Earth's rotation.
17. Goal: A desired outcome or objective that one aims to achieve. Example: His goal was to climb Mount Everest, the tallest peak in the world.
18. Examine: To inspect or scrutinize something closely in order to understand or evaluate it. Example: The forensic scientist carefully examined the crime scene for evidence.
19. Orbit: The path that an object follows as it revolves around another object in space, such as a planet orbiting a star. Example: The Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical in shape.
20. Desolate: Barren, empty, and devoid of life or activity. Example: The abandoned town in the desert appeared desolate and haunting.
21. Astronomers: Scientists who study celestial objects and phenomena, including stars, planets, galaxies, and cosmic events. Example: Astronomers use telescopes and other instruments to observe the universe.
22. Magnitude: The measure of the brightness or intensity of a celestial object, often expressed as a numerical value. Example: The magnitude of a star indicates its brightness relative to other stars.
23. Precise: Exact, accurate, or characterized by a high level of detail or specificity. Example: The architect's drawings were precise, down to the millimeter.
24. Location: A specific place or position, often described by its geographical coordinates. Example: The location of the buried treasure was marked on an old map.
25. Observatory: A facility equipped for observing and studying celestial phenomena, often equipped with telescopes and other instruments. Example: The observatory atop the mountain provided astronomers with a clear view of the night sky.
26. Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. Example: The city's latitude determines its climate and weather patterns.
27. Longitude: The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees. Example: Sailors use longitude to navigate accurately across the seas.
28. Ultimate: Representing the greatest or most extreme example of something. Example: The ultimate goal of the space program is to explore other planets.
29. Scale: The ratio of a measurement in a drawing, model, map, or plan to the actual measurement. Example: The map had a scale of 1:10,000, indicating that one unit on the map represents 10,000 units on the ground.
30. Expedition: A journey or voyage undertaken for a specific purpose, especially exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition to Antarctica discovered new species of marine life.
31. Difficulties: Problems, challenges, or obstacles that hinder progress or achievement. Example: Despite facing numerous difficulties, they persevered and reached their goal.
32. Superseded: Replaced or succeeded by something newer, more advanced, or more effective. Example: The old model of the smartphone was superseded by the latest version.
33. Calculation: The process of determining something by mathematical methods or reasoning. Example: The calculation of the rocket's trajectory required complex mathematical equations.
34. Accuracy: The degree of correctness, exactness, or precision in measurements or information. Example: The accuracy of the laboratory equipment ensured reliable experimental results.
35. Spectacular: Impressively large, dramatic, or eye-catching. Example: The fireworks display was a spectacular sight against the night sky.
36. Cosmic: Relating to the universe, especially as distinct from the Earth or human civilization. Example: Cosmologists study the cosmic microwave background to understand the early universe.
37. Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different positions. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars.
38. Respected: Regarded with admiration, esteem, or honor by others. Example: The scientist was widely respected for his groundbreaking research.
39. Significant: Meaningful, important, or having notable effects or implications. Example: The discovery of a new species in the rainforest was significant for biodiversity conservation.
40. Measurement: The process of determining the size, length, or quantity of something using standard units. Example: Accurate measurements are crucial for building structures according to specifications.
41. Instruments: Tools, devices, or equipment used for a specific purpose, especially in scientific or technical contexts. Example: The surgeon used precise instruments during the delicate operation.
42. Distance: The amount of space between two points, objects, or locations. Example: The distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384,400 kilometers.
43. Apparent: Clearly visible, obvious, or seeming to be true without necessarily being so. Example: The apparent motion of the stars across the sky is due to the Earth's rotation.
44. Goal: An objective or desired outcome that one works toward or intends to achieve. Example: His goal is to complete a marathon within the next year.
45. Examine: To inspect, investigate, or scrutinize something closely and systematically. Example: The detective examined the crime scene for any clues.
46. Orbit: The curved path followed by a celestial object or spacecraft as it revolves around another body in space. Example: The Earth orbits the Sun once every 365 days.
47. Desolate: Barren, empty, and devoid of life or human activity. Example: The abandoned town in the desert looked desolate and eerie.
48. Astronomers: Scientists who study celestial objects, phenomena, and the universe as a whole. Example: Astronomers use telescopes to observe distant galaxies.
49. Magnitude: The measure of the brightness or intensity of a celestial object, usually expressed on a logarithmic scale. Example: The magnitude of a star indicates its apparent brightness as seen from Earth.
50. Precise: Exact, accurate, or clearly defined in details or terms. Example: The architect's precise measurements ensured that the building would fit perfectly on the site.
PASSAGE-3
A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently
1. Iconoclast: A person who does things that others say can't be done. Example: Steve Jobs was considered an iconoclast in the world of technology.
2. Neuroeconomics: A field that studies the brain's role in economic decision-making. Example: Neuroeconomics has provided valuable insights into consumer behavior.
3. Constraints: Limitations or restrictions that hold something back. Example: Budget constraints prevented them from expanding the project.
4. Efficiently: In a way that maximizes productivity with minimal waste. Example: The factory operates efficiently, producing high-quality products.
5. Perception: The way in which something is understood or interpreted. Example: Our perception of art varies from person to person.
6. Biological: Related to living organisms and their processes. Example: The study focused on the biological factors influencing growth.
7. Rumblings: Low, continuous sounds or vibrations. Example: The rumblings of thunder could be heard in the distance.
8. Hardwired: Ingrained or built-in as a natural part of something. Example: Some behaviors are hardwired into our DNA.
9. Conjectures: Ideas or opinions based on incomplete information. Example: His conjectures about the future of technology were often accurate.
10. Statistical: Relating to the use of data and probabilities in analysis. Example: The study used statistical methods to analyze the results.
11. Embrace: To accept or adopt something willingly. Example: She decided to embrace the new opportunities presented to her.
12. Impediment: Something that hinders or obstructs progress. Example: Lack of funding can be a major impediment to research.
13. Phobias: Extreme or irrational fears of specific things or situations. Example: Claustrophobia is a common phobia of enclosed spaces.
14. Afflicts: Causes pain, suffering, or distress to someone. Example: The disease afflicts millions of people worldwide.
15. Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The new variant of the software includes additional features.
16. Explosion: A sudden and rapid increase or expansion. Example: There was an explosion of interest in the new product.
17. Coordinate: To work together efficiently and harmoniously. Example: The team needed to coordinate their efforts to complete the project.
18. Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Example: Her empathy for the homeless inspired her to volunteer at a shelter.
19. Fairness: The quality of being just, impartial, or equitable. Example: The fairness of the decision was questioned by some.
20. Interwined: To be closely connected or mixed together. Example: Their fates were intertwined from childhood.
21. Creativity: The ability to generate new ideas or concepts. Example: The artist's creativity was evident in every painting.
22. Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has transformed many industries.
23. Committees: Groups of people appointed to perform specific tasks. Example: The committee met to discuss the budget for the upcoming year.
24. Alienation: A feeling of isolation or estrangement from others. Example: His constant criticism led to the alienation of his colleagues.
25. Asset: Something valuable or useful that can be used to advantage. Example: Her knowledge and expertise are valuable assets to the company.
26. Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Proper communication is crucial in building strong relationships.
27. Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The new variant of the virus was more contagious.
28. Perceptual: Related to the process of perception or how something is perceived. Example: There are perceptual differences in how people interpret abstract art.
29. Convince: To persuade or make someone believe something. Example: She needed to convince her team to support the new project.
30. Understanding: The ability to comprehend or grasp the meaning of something. Example: Clear communication is essential for mutual understanding.
31. Revolution: A significant and sudden change or upheaval. Example: The Industrial Revolution transformed society in the 19th century.
32. Polymath: A person with knowledge or skills in a wide range of subjects. Example: Leonardo da Vinci was a famous polymath known for his diverse talents.
33. Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars.
34. Ultimate: The highest, most important, or final goal. Example: Winning the championship was the ultimate achievement for the team.
35. Interpretation: The act of explaining or understanding the meaning of something. Example: The interpretation of the painting varied among art critics.
36. Variety: A range of different things of the same general type. Example: The store offers a variety of products to choose from.
37. Suffer: To experience pain, distress, or hardship. Example: He suffered from a severe illness for many years.
38. Willingness: The quality of being prepared to do something. Example: Her willingness to help others made her a valued team member.
39. Bombard: To subject something to a continuous flow or barrage. Example: The media often bombard us with news and information.
40. Novelty: The quality of being new, original, or unusual. Example: The novelty of the invention captured people's attention.
41. Trigger: To cause or initiate a particular reaction or response. Example: His words seemed to trigger a strong emotional response.
42. Inhibit: To hinder, restrain, or prevent something from happening. Example: Fear can inhibit one's ability to take risks.
43. Cooperate: To work together with others for a common purpose. Example: The two companies decided to cooperate on a joint project.
44. Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The variant spelling of the word is commonly used in British English.
45. Explosion: A sudden and violent burst of energy or force. Example: The explosion of fireworks lit up the night sky.
46. Harmoniously: In a way that is pleasing and in agreement. Example: The orchestra played harmoniously, creating beautiful music.
47. Convince: To persuade or make someone believe something. Example: He tried to convince his parents to let him go on the trip.
48. Embrace: To accept or adopt something willingly. Example: The company decided to embrace new technologies for efficiency.
49. Variety: A range of different things of the same general type. Example: The garden had a variety of colorful flowers.
50. Asset: Something valuable or useful that can be used to advantage. Example: Her experience and knowledge were considered valuable assets to the team.
Top of Form
ACADEMIC READING TEST-3
PASSAGE-1
Attitude of Language
1. Systematic
· Meaning: Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system.
· Example: The research followed a systematic approach to data collection.
2. Objective
· Meaning: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial.
· Example: The journalist presented an objective report of the event.
3. Linguistic
· Meaning: Relating to language or the study of language.
· Example: Linguistic diversity is evident in the various dialects spoken in this region.
4. Debate
· Meaning: A formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly.
· Example: The presidential candidates engaged in a heated debate on live television.
5. Deteriorates
· Meaning: Becomes progressively worse.
· Example: If the building's foundation is not repaired, it will deteriorate further.
6. Invective
· Meaning: Abusive or strongly critical language.
· Example: The politician's speech was filled with invective against his opponent.
7. Polemic
· Meaning: A strong verbal or written attack on someone or something.
· Example: The author's book was a polemic against the government's policies.
8. Exempt
· Meaning: Free from an obligation or liability imposed on others.
· Example: Some organizations are exempt from paying certain taxes.
9. Influence
· Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.
· Example: Parents have a significant influence on their children's values.
10. Judges
· Meaning: Forms an opinion or conclusion about.
· Example: The jury will judge the defendant's actions based on the evidence.
11. Personality
· Meaning: The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.
· Example: Her cheerful personality made her popular among her colleagues.
12. Intelligence
· Meaning: The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
· Example: His intelligence and problem-solving skills impressed his teachers.
13. Social
· Meaning: Relating to society or its organization.
· Example: Social interactions are important for building relationships.
14. Status
· Meaning: The relative social, professional, or other standing of someone.
· Example: His promotion to manager elevated his status within the company.
15. Educational
· Meaning: Relating to the process of teaching or learning.
· Example: The educational system in this country emphasizes critical thinking.
16. Aptitude
· Meaning: Natural ability or skill in a particular area.
· Example: She has a strong aptitude for mathematics.
17. Identity
· Meaning: The characteristics that define who or what someone or something is.
· Example: Cultural identity plays a significant role in one's sense of belonging.
18. Survival
· Meaning: The state of continuing to live or exist, often despite difficulties or threats.
· Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential for outdoor enthusiasts.
19. Propounded
· Meaning: Put forward or promote (a theory or idea).
· Example: The scientist propounded a groundbreaking theory in physics.
20. Codify
· Meaning: Arrange (laws or rules) into a systematic code.
· Example: The legal team worked to codify the new regulations.
21. Principles
· Meaning: Fundamental truths or rules that govern behavior or belief.
· Example: Honesty and integrity are important principles in business.
22. Disputes
· Meaning: A disagreement or argument.
· Example: They resolved their dispute through mediation.
23. Authoritarian
· Meaning: Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority.
· Example: The dictator ruled with an authoritarian regime.
24. Half-measures
· Meaning: Incomplete or insufficient actions or efforts.
· Example: The government's response to the crisis was criticized as half-measures.
25. Deviations
· Meaning: Departures or variations from a standard or norm.
· Example: The statistical analysis revealed significant deviations from the expected results.
26. Evaluate
· Meaning: Assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of something.
· Example: The teacher will evaluate the students' performance on the test.
27. Opposition
· Meaning: Resistance or dissent, often in the context of disagreement.
· Example: The opposition party criticized the government's policies.
28. Extreme
· Meaning: Reaching a high or the highest degree; very great.
· Example: The weather conditions were extremely harsh.
29. Advocates
· Meaning: People who publicly support or recommend a particular cause or policy.
· Example: Environmental advocates are working to raise awareness of climate change.
30. Tenet
· Meaning: A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
· Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of democracy.
31. Quasi-political
· Meaning: Resembling or having the characteristics of political involvement.
· Example: The debate took on a quasi-political tone as candidates discussed economic policies.
32. Conventions
· Meaning: Accepted customs or practices in a society.
· Example: Following social conventions can help maintain harmony in a community.
33. Adherents
· Meaning: Supporters or followers of a particular belief or cause.
· Example: The religious leader had many loyal adherents in his congregation.
34. Variety
· Meaning: A particular type or version of something.
· Example: There is a wide variety of cuisines available in this multicultural city.
35. Codified
· Meaning: Arranged or compiled into a systematic code or law.
· Example: The legal system has codified regulations for property ownership.
36. Halting
· Meaning: Proceeding or speaking with hesitation or difficulty.
· Example: His halting speech made it clear that he was nervous about public speaking.
37. Perceptual
· Meaning: Related to the process of perception or interpretation of sensory information.
· Example: Optical illusions can play tricks on our perceptual abilities.
38. Unfeelingly
· Meaning: In a manner lacking sensitivity or empathy.
· Example: She delivered the news unfeelingly, causing distress to those present.
39. Abused
· Meaning: Used or treated in a harmful or offensive way.
· Example: Animal abuse is a serious concern for animal welfare organizations.
40. Realize
· Meaning: Become aware of a fact or truth.
· Example: It took her years to realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle.
41. Reputation
· Meaning: The beliefs or opinions that others have about someone or something.
· Example: Building a good reputation is crucial for a successful business.
42. Facts
· Meaning: Information or events that can be proven to be true.
· Example: The investigator gathered facts to solve the mystery.
43. Motivate
· Meaning: Provide a reason or incentive for someone to take action.
· Example: A sense of purpose can motivate individuals to achieve their goals.
44. Opponents
· Meaning: People or groups who are in competition or conflict with each other.
· Example: The two teams are fierce opponents on the field.
45. Elevated
· Meaning: Raised to a higher position or status.
· Example: Her dedication and hard work elevated her to a leadership role.
46. Characterized
· Meaning: Described or identified as having specific qualities or features.
· Example: The novel is characterized by its vivid descriptions of nature.
47. Liberalism
· Meaning: A political or social philosophy advocating freedom and equality.
· Example: The candidate's policies are rooted in the principles of liberalism.
48. Committees
· Meaning: Groups of people appointed for a specific task or purpose.
· Example: The committee met to discuss the budget for the upcoming project.
49. Criticized
· Meaning: Expressing disapproval or judgment about something.
· Example: Film critics criticized the movie for its weak plot.
50. Inhibit
· Meaning: Hinder, restrain, or prevent an action or process.
· Example: Fear can inhibit a person's ability to take risks.
PASSAGE-2 Tidal Power
Renewable
Meaning: Capable of being restored or replaced naturally.
Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources.
Predictable
Meaning: Able to be foreseen or expected with a high degree of certainty.
Example: The tides are predictable, making them a reliable energy source.
Export
Meaning: To send goods or services to another country for sale.
Example: The country exports a significant amount of agricultural products.
Undersea
Meaning: Located or occurring beneath the surface of the sea.
Example: Submarines explore the undersea world.
Self-sufficient
Meaning: Able to provide for one's own needs without external assistance.
Example: The off-grid cabin was self-sufficient, generating its own electricity and growing food.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Meaning: The release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, often from burning fossil fuels.
Example: Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is essential to combat climate change.
Codify
Meaning: To arrange or compile into a systematic code or law.
Example: The legal system codifies the rules and regulations of a society.
Inherently
Meaning: In a way that is a permanent, essential characteristic.
Example: Some people believe that creativity is inherently linked to intelligence.
Ailing
Meaning: In poor health or experiencing difficulties.
Example: The ailing economy needed immediate attention.
Prospect
Meaning: The possibility or likelihood of something happening in the future.
Example: There is a prospect of rain later in the day.
Turbines
Meaning: Machines with blades that are turned by wind, water, or steam to generate power.
Example: Wind turbines generate electricity from the wind's kinetic energy.
Undercutting
Meaning: Selling a product or service at a lower price than a competitor.
Example: The company gained a competitive edge by undercutting its rivals' prices.
Venture
Meaning: A risky or daring journey or undertaking.
Example: Starting a new business is a risky venture.
Channel islands
Meaning: A group of British islands in the English Channel, including Alderney.
Example: Tourists visit the Channel Islands for their scenic beauty.
Venture
Meaning: To dare to do something or go somewhere new or unknown.
Example: She ventured into the forest to explore its secrets.
Maintenance
Meaning: The process of keeping something in good condition through regular checks and repairs.
Example: Regular car maintenance can extend its lifespan.
Robust
Meaning: Strong and resilient; able to withstand harsh conditions.
Example: The new building was constructed with robust materials to withstand earthquakes.
Cavitations
Meaning: The formation of air bubbles in a liquid due to low pressure.
Example: The propeller's cavitations caused vibration in the boat.
Vibration
Meaning: A continuous slight shaking or trembling motion.
Example: The earthquake caused the ground to tremble with vibrations.
Hostile
Meaning: Unfriendly, antagonistic, or opposed.
Example: The negotiations took place in a hostile environment with both sides refusing to compromise.
Indented
Meaning: Set in from the edge or surface.
Example: The coast had many indented bays and coves.
Tenet
Meaning: A principle or belief that is held by a person, group, or organization.
Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of democracy.
Quasi-political
Meaning: Resembling or having characteristics of political issues or conflicts.
Example: The debate over taxes had taken on a quasi-political dimension.
Extreme
Meaning: Reaching a high or the highest degree; very great.
Example: The weather conditions in the mountains can be extreme.
Concern
Meaning: Worry, fear, or anxiety about something.
Example: There is growing concern about the environmental impact of pollution.
Devon
Meaning: A county in southwestern England.
Example: Many tourists visit Devon to explore its picturesque villages.
Robust
Meaning: Strong and able to withstand tough conditions.
Example: The robust construction of the bridge ensured its durability.
Lynmouth
Meaning: A coastal village in Devon, England.
Example: Lynmouth is a popular tourist destination known for its scenic beauty.
Blade
Meaning: The flat, elongated part of a tool or machine that cuts or propels.
Example: The helicopter's blades spin rapidly to generate lift.
Re-imported
Meaning: To bring something back into a country after it has been exported.
Example: The goods were re-imported into the country due to high demand.
Dispute
Meaning: A disagreement or argument about something.
Example: The labor union is in a dispute with the company over wages.
Anticipated
Meaning: Expected or predicted.
Example: The anticipated arrival of the new product generated excitement among customers.
Differ
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something or someone else.
Example: Their opinions on the matter differ significantly.
Predominant
Meaning: Having greater influence, importance, or power.
Example: English is the predominant language spoken in this region.
Attribute
Meaning: Regard something as being caused by.
Example: Some people attribute success to hard work and determination.
Influence
Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on someone or something.
Example: The media has a significant influence on public opinion.
Motivate
Meaning: Provide with a reason or incentive for doing something.
Example: Recognition and rewards can motivate employees to perform better.
Alternative
Meaning: An option or choice that is different from the usual or conventional one.
Example: We need to consider alternative solutions to this problem.
Rival
Meaning: A person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity.
Example: The two companies are fierce rivals in the smartphone industry.
Parallax
Meaning: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles.
Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to stars.
PASSAGE-3
Information Theory- the Big Data
Astonishing
Meaning: Extremely surprising or impressive.
Example: Her ability to solve complex problems was astonishing.
Triumph
Meaning: A great victory or achievement.
Example: The successful launch of the spacecraft was a triumph for the team.
Inveigle
Meaning: To persuade or manipulate someone to do something through flattery or deception.
Example: He tried to inveigle his way into her good graces.
Convey
Meaning: To transport or communicate a message or information.
Example: He used gestures to convey his feelings.
Precise
Meaning: Exact, accurate, and careful about details.
Example: The measurements need to be precise for the experiment.
Binary
Meaning: Relating to a system of numbers or code with only two possible values, typically 0 and 1.
Example: Computers use binary code for processing data.
Interference
Meaning: The action of interfering or causing disruption.
Example: The interference from other radio signals affected the broadcast.
Bandwidth
Meaning: The range of frequencies within a given band, in particular, the range of frequencies over which a radio or television signal can be transmitted.
Example: High-definition video requires a lot of bandwidth for streaming.
Absolute
Meaning: Complete; not mixed or adulterated.
Example: The team had absolute control over the project.
Ravages
Meaning: Severe damage or destruction.
Example: The ravages of war left the city in ruins.
Cope
Meaning: Deal effectively with something difficult.
Example: She had to cope with the stress of her demanding job.
Packaging
Meaning: The process of enclosing something in a container or covering.
Example: The packaging of the product was eco-friendly.
Ravages
Meaning: Severe damage or destruction.
Example: The ravages of war left the city in ruins.
Revolution
Meaning: A sudden, complete, or marked change in something.
Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication.
Ambiguous
Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; unclear.
Example: Her ambiguous statement left everyone confused.
Compression
Meaning: The action of compressing or being compressed.
Example: Video compression reduces file sizes for easier storage.
Superfluous
Meaning: Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.
Example: The extra details in the report were superfluous and added no value.
Manipulate
Meaning: Control or influence (a person or situation) cleverly or unfairly.
Example: He tried to manipulate the stock market for personal gain.
Text messages
Meaning: Short electronic messages sent between mobile phones.
Example: She sent a series of text messages to confirm the meeting.
Cram
Meaning: To put something or many things into a space that is too small.
Example: She had to cram all her clothes into a small suitcase.
Compression methods
Meaning: Techniques or processes used to reduce the size of digital data files.
Example: JPEG is a popular compression method for images.
Shunned
Meaning: Deliberately avoid, ignore, or reject.
Example: He shunned social events and preferred solitude.
Ingenuity
Meaning: The quality of being clever, original, and inventive.
Example: Her ingenuity in solving problems was well-known in the company.
Foundations
Meaning: The basis on which something is grounded or established.
Example: Ethics are the foundation of a strong organizational culture.
Hostile
Meaning: Unfriendly and antagonistic.
Example: The negotiations between the two companies turned hostile.
Error rate
Meaning: The rate at which mistakes or inaccuracies occur.
Example: The error rate in the data analysis was surprisingly low.
Over II hours
Meaning: More than 11 hours.
Example: The flight delay was over 11 hours due to bad weather.
Binary unit
Meaning: A unit of information represented by a binary digit, either 1 or 0.
Example: Computers process data using binary units.
Undercutting
Meaning: Selling something at a lower price than a competitor.
Example: The company's strategy involved undercutting competitors' prices.
Ailing
Meaning: In poor health or condition; failing or deteriorating.
Example: The ailing economy needed immediate attention.
Ingest
Meaning: To take in or consume, especially food or drink.
Example: It's important to ingest enough fluids to stay hydrated.
Power input
Meaning: The amount of power supplied or provided.
Example: The power input of the device is adjustable.
Satellite communication
Meaning: Communication using artificial satellites in orbit around the Earth.
Example: Satellite communication allows us to transmit signals over long distances.
Deep Space Network
Meaning: A network of radio antennas used to communicate with spacecraft in deep space.
Example: The Deep Space Network maintained contact with the Voyager probe.
Communication channels
Meaning: The means by which information is transmitted between people or devices.
Example: The internet provides various communication channels, including email and video conferencing.
Bar codes
Meaning: A code consisting of a group of printed and variously patterned bars and spaces and sometimes numerals, typically designed to be scanned and read by a barcode scanner.
Example: Bar codes are used for quick and accurate product identification.
Error-detecting
Meaning: A system or technique used to identify and report errors in data.
Example: The error-detecting mechanism in the software helped identify and correct mistakes.
Turbo codes
Meaning: A class of error-correcting codes that achieve high performance close to Shannon's limit.
Example: Turbo codes are used in modern telecommunications to improve data transmission.
Stripping out
Meaning: Removing or taking something away.
Example: She was stripping out unnecessary elements from the document to make it concise.
Supermarket check-out
Meaning: The area in a supermarket where customers pay for their purchases.
Example: There was a long line at the supermarket check-out counter.
Crisps
Meaning: Potato chips (in British English).
Example: He grabbed a bag of crisps as a snack.
Mobile videophone
Meaning: A device or system that enables video calls on mobile phones.
Example: The mobile videophone allows us to see and talk to people while on the move.
Admirable
Meaning: Deserving respect and approval; excellent.
Example: Her dedication to charity work is truly admirable.
Incredible
Meaning: Difficult to believe; extraordinary.
Example: The incredible speed of the new computer amazed everyone.
Precisely
Meaning: Exactly; with great accuracy.
Example: The laser measurement provided precise results.
Sensors
Meaning: Devices that detect changes or signals in the environment.
Example: The sensors in the car help with parking and navigation.
Interplanetary
Meaning: Existing or occurring between planets.
Example: The mission aimed to study interplanetary space.
Transmitted
Meaning: Sent or conveyed from one place to another.
Example: The message was transmitted via satellite.
Coded message
Meaning: A message that is encoded or transformed using a specific system or language.
Example: The spies communicated using coded messages to maintain secrecy.
Underwater cables
Meaning: Cables laid on the ocean floor to transmit data or signals over long distances.
Example: Underwater cables connect continents for global internet communication.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-4
PASSAGE-1
The Life & Work of Marie Curie
Radioactivity
Meaning: The emission of radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei.
Example: Marie Curie's groundbreaking work involved the study of radioactivity.
Nobel Prize
Meaning: A prestigious international award presented annually in several categories, including Physics and Chemistry, to individuals who have made significant contributions to those fields.
Example: Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes in her lifetime.
Prodigious
Meaning: Remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree.
Example: Her prodigious memory allowed her to excel in academics.
Sorbonne
Meaning: The University of Paris, often referred to as the Sorbonne, is a renowned educational institution in France.
Example: Marie Curie studied at the Sorbonne in Paris.
Examination
Meaning: A formal test of a person's knowledge or proficiency in a particular subject or skill.
Example: She performed exceptionally well in her examinations.
Mathematical sciences
Meaning: Fields of study that involve advanced mathematics, such as algebra, calculus, and statistics.
Example: Marie Curie excelled in both physical and mathematical sciences.
Marriage
Meaning: A legally recognized union between two people, typically a man and a woman, in which they become partners for life.
Example: Marie Curie's marriage to Pierre Curie marked the beginning of their scientific partnership.
Minerals
Meaning: Naturally occurring substances, typically inorganic, that have a characteristic chemical composition and physical properties.
Example: She studied the radioactivity of minerals.
Pitchblende
Meaning: A mineral, also known as uraninite, that is a major source of uranium and radium.
Example: Pitchblende was of particular interest to Marie Curie due to its high radioactivity.
New elements
Meaning: Chemical elements that were previously unknown or undiscovered.
Example: Marie Curie's research led to the discovery of new elements, polonium and radium.
Doctorate
Meaning: The highest academic degree awarded by a university or college, typically after completing advanced research.
Example: Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science for her research.
Pure radium
Meaning: Radium in a highly purified form, free from impurities.
Example: Her goal was to obtain pure radium.
Experimental demonstrations
Meaning: Practical displays or experiments that illustrate scientific principles.
Example: Marie Curie introduced teaching methods based on experimental demonstrations.
Radiography
Meaning: The use of X-rays for medical or industrial imaging.
Example: During World War I, Marie Curie worked on the development of X-radiography for medical purposes.
Mobile units
Meaning: Portable equipment or vehicles equipped with X-ray machines for medical use.
Example: Marie Curie's "little Curies" were mobile units used for treating wounded soldiers.
Radium Institute
Meaning: A research institution focused on the study of radium and related topics.
Example: Marie Curie played a key role in establishing the Radium Institute in Paris.
Triumphant
Meaning: Having achieved victory or success.
Example: Marie Curie's journey to the United States was triumphant in raising funds for research.
Gram of radium
Meaning: A unit of measurement for radium, a radioactive element.
Example: Women in the United States presented Marie Curie with a gram of radium for her campaign.
Triumphant journey
Meaning: A successful and celebrated voyage or mission.
Example: Marie Curie's triumphant journey aimed to raise awareness and funds for her research.
Curie Foundation
Meaning: An organization or institution founded to support scientific research and education.
Example: The Curie Foundation in Paris contributed to advancements in nuclear physics and chemistry.
Radioactive sources
Meaning: Materials or substances that emit radiation due to their radioactive properties.
Example: Marie Curie emphasized the need for intense radioactive sources for research.
Neutron
Meaning: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with no electric charge.
Example: The discovery of the neutron was a significant development in nuclear physics.
Artificial radioactivity
Meaning: Radioactivity induced in a substance through human-made processes.
Example: The Joliot-Curies' discovery of artificial radioactivity expanded our understanding of nuclear science.
Leukemia
Meaning: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow.
Example: Marie Curie's exposure to radiation led to her development of leukemia.
Isotopes
Meaning: Variants of a chemical element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei.
Example: Marie Curie often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes.
Ambitious
Meaning: Having a strong desire to achieve something significant or challenging.
Example: Marie Curie's ambitious research goals led to groundbreaking discoveries.
Legacy
Meaning: Something handed down or left behind by a predecessor.
Example: Marie Curie's legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists.
Influence
Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.
Example: Marie Curie's influence on nuclear physics is profound.
Chemists
Meaning: Scientists who study the composition, properties, and reactions of substances.
Example: Marie Curie's work had a significant impact on chemists and physicists alike.
Inauguration
Meaning: The formal beginning or introduction of an institution, system, or activity.
Example: The inauguration of the Radium Institute marked a new era in scientific research.
Disintegration
Meaning: The process of breaking down or falling apart into smaller parts.
Example: Radioactive elements undergo disintegration over time.
Acclaim
Meaning: Praise or recognition for achievement.
Example: Claude Shannon received acclaim for his contributions to communication theory.
Radium
Meaning: A radioactive chemical element, symbol Ra, used in various applications, including medical treatments.
Substance
Meaning: A particular kind of matter with uniform properties.
Example: Pitchblende contains an unknown substance with high radioactivity.
Chemical elements
Meaning: Substances composed of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei.
Example: The periodic table lists all known chemical elements.
Subsidiary
Meaning: A company or organization controlled by another larger company.
Example: Marine Current Turbines is a subsidiary of IT power.
Advancements
Meaning: Progress or improvements in a particular field.
Example: The advancements in technology have transformed our daily lives.
Triumphant
Meaning: Having achieved a great victory or success.
Example: Marie Curie's research was triumphant, leading to two Nobel Prizes.
Conveyed
Meaning: Transported or transmitted from one place to another.
Example: Information can be conveyed through various forms of media.
Ambiguous
Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; unclear or uncertain.
Example: His ambiguous statement left us puzzled about his intentions.
Foundations
Meaning: Organizations or institutions established to provide financial support for various purposes, such as research or education.
Example: The Rockefeller Foundation funds medical research projects.
Exposure
Meaning: The state of being exposed to something, often referring to harmful substances or radiation.
Example: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can lead to skin damage.
Pioneering
Meaning: Involving new ideas or methods that lead the way for others.
Example: Marie Curie's pioneering work in radioactivity revolutionized science.
Renowned
Meaning: Widely known or famous for something.
Example: The Louvre Museum in Paris is renowned for its art collection.
Founding
Meaning: The action of establishing an organization or institution.
Example: The founding of the United Nations aimed to promote world peace.
Profound
Meaning: Having deep meaning or significance.
Example: Her speech had a profound impact on the audience.
Dissertation
Meaning: A long essay or research project written as part of a university degree.
Example: Marie Curie's dissertation focused on radioactivity.
Institute
Meaning: An organization or establishment for research, education, or professional training.
Example: The Max Planck Institute is known for its contributions to physics.
Revolutionized
Meaning: To completely change or transform something, often in a radical way.
Example: The invention of the internet revolutionized communication.
Adherents
Meaning: People who support or follow a particular belief, principle, or ideology.
Example: The adherents of the environmental movement advocate for sustainable practices.
PASSAGE-2
Young Children's Sense of Identity
Subject
Meaning: A person or thing that is being discussed or dealt with.
Example: The subject of today's lecture is child development.
Recognition
Meaning: The acknowledgment or identification of something or someone.
Example: Her recognition of his hard work earned him a promotion.
Distinctiveness
Meaning: The quality of being easily distinguished from others.
Example: The distinctiveness of her voice made her stand out in the crowd.
Emergence
Meaning: The process of coming into view or becoming evident.
Example: The emergence of new technologies has changed our lives.
Power to Act
Meaning: The ability or capacity to take action or make decisions.
Example: With great power to act, she became a successful leader.
Agency
Meaning: The capacity of a person to act independently and make choices.
Example: The agency of the detective allowed her to solve complex cases.
Mimic
Meaning: To imitate or copy the actions, speech, or appearance of someone.
Example: Children often mimic their parents' behaviors.
Contingent
Meaning: Dependent on or influenced by something else.
Example: His success was contingent on the support of his team.
Empirical
Meaning: Based on observation, experience, or evidence rather than theory.
Example: The scientist conducted empirical research to test the hypothesis.
Identity
Meaning: The distinguishing character or personality of an individual.
Example: Cultural traditions can shape a person's identity.
Comparison
Meaning: The act of examining similarities and differences between things.
Example: The comparison of the two paintings revealed unique styles.
Trustworthiness
Meaning: The quality of being reliable, honest, and deserving of trust.
Example: Her trustworthiness made her the ideal candidate for the job.
Inextricably
Meaning: In a way that cannot be separated or disentangled.
Example: The fates of the two nations were inextricably linked.
Cues
Meaning: Hints or signals that provide information or guidance.
Example: Non-verbal cues, such as body language, can convey emotions.
Longitudinal
Meaning: Relating to a study or analysis that observes the same subjects over an extended period.
Example: The longitudinal study tracked the development of children from infancy to adulthood.
Intensity
Meaning: The degree of strength, force, or emotion in something.
Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage.
Ownership
Meaning: The state or fact of possessing something.
Example: Legal documents prove ownership of the property.
Struggle
Meaning: Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction.
Example: The child had to struggle to open the stubborn jar.
Tug-of-war
Meaning: A contest in which two teams pull opposite ends of a rope in opposite directions.
Example: The tug-of-war competition at the picnic was fiercely competitive.
Notable
Meaning: Worthy of attention or remarkable.
Example: His contributions to the field of science were notable and celebrated.
Debate
Meaning: A formal discussion on a particular topic, often in a structured and organized manner.
Example: The debate over the new policy lasted for hours.
Foundation
Meaning: The basis or groundwork on which something is built or established.
Example: Education forms the foundation for a successful career.
Influence
Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.
Example: His mentor's influence helped shape his career.
Acknowledge
Meaning: To recognize the existence, truth, or validity of something.
Example: She acknowledged her mistake and apologized.
Primary
Meaning: Of chief importance or main in significance.
Example: Her primary goal was to complete the project on time.
Element
Meaning: A fundamental or essential part or aspect of something.
Example: Teamwork is an essential element of a successful organization.
Interaction
Meaning: The act of two or more things communicating or having an effect on each other.
Example: Social interaction is important for building relationships.
Milestone
Meaning: A significant event or stage in the progress or development of something.
Example: Graduating from college was a major milestone in her life.
Examination
Meaning: A detailed inspection or investigation.
Example: The medical examination revealed no signs of illness.
Characteristic
Meaning: A typical feature or quality that distinguishes someone or something.
Example: Kindness is a characteristic trait of a good leader.
Reflect
Meaning: To think deeply or carefully about something.
Example: She took a moment to reflect on her choices.
Exercise
Meaning: To make use of or put into action.
Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining good health.
Cognitive
Meaning: Relating to the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, or thought.
Example: Cognitive development in children involves learning and problem-solving.
Developmental
Meaning: Related to the growth or progress of something over time.
Example: The developmental stages of a butterfly are fascinating.
Communication
Meaning: The exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups.
Example: Effective communication is key to resolving conflicts.
Significance
Meaning: The quality of being important or having meaning.
Example: The discovery had great significance in the field of science.
Distinguish
Meaning: To recognize or point out a difference between things.
Example: He could easily distinguish between identical twins.
Foundation
Meaning: The base on which something is built or established.
Example: The foundation of the building was solid and stable.
Structure
Meaning: The arrangement or organization of parts to form a whole.
Example: The novel's structure was complex and intriguing.
Foundation
Meaning: An organization or institution established to support a cause.
Example: The charity serves as a foundation for underprivileged children.
Observation
Meaning: The act of watching or noticing something carefully.
Example: His keen observation skills helped him solve the mystery.
Emergence
Meaning: The process of coming into view or becoming evident.
Example: The emergence of new technology changed the industry.
Controversy
Meaning: Disagreement or dispute, often involving strong opposing views.
Example: The controversial topic sparked a heated controversy.
Progress
Meaning: Forward or onward movement toward a goal or destination.
Example: The project is making steady progress toward completion.
Cognitive
Meaning: Relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, and reasoning.
Example: Cognitive psychology studies how the mind processes information.
Interaction
Meaning: Communication or direct involvement with others.
Example: Positive interactions in the workplace foster teamwork.
Emerge
Meaning: To come into view or become known after being hidden or obscure.
Example: The sun will emerge from behind the clouds soon.
Understanding
Meaning: The ability to comprehend or grasp the meaning of something.
Example: Clear communication leads to better understanding.
Influence
Meaning: To have an effect on the behavior or actions of someone or something.
Example: Her kind words influenced him to help others.
Connection
Meaning: A relationship or link between two or more things.
Example: The strong connection between the two friends lasted a lifetime.
Passage-3
The Development of Museums.
Infallible
Meaning: Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong.
Example: Some people believe that their intuition is infallible.
Veracity
Meaning: Accuracy or truthfulness.
Example: The veracity of his claims was questioned by experts.
Endures
Meaning: Persists or continues to exist over time.
Example: Their love for each other has endured for decades.
Exclusive
Meaning: Limited to a specific group or category.
Example: The event was by invitation only and exclusive to VIPs.
Alter
Meaning: To change or make different.
Example: She decided to alter her appearance by getting a new haircut.
Attitudes
Meaning: Opinions or feelings about something.
Example: His attitudes towards environmental conservation are well-known.
Prototype
Meaning: The original or first model of something from which other forms are developed.
Example: The prototype of the new car design is impressive.
Vulgarisation
Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined.
Example: Some critics argue that reality TV shows lead to the vulgarization of culture.
Distinct
Meaning: Clearly different or separate from something else.
Example: Each species has its own distinct characteristics.
Intolerable
Meaning: Unable to be endured or tolerated.
Example: The heat during the heatwave was intolerable.
Borrow
Meaning: To take or use something temporarily with the intention of returning it.
Example: Can I borrow your pen for a moment?
Concepts
Meaning: Abstract ideas or general notions.
Example: Understanding complex scientific concepts can be challenging.
Authenticity
Meaning: The quality of being genuine or real.
Example: The authenticity of the ancient artifact was confirmed by experts.
Cages
Meaning: Enclosed structures used to confine or protect animals.
Example: The zoo replaced small cages with spacious enclosures for the animals.
Environment
Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.
Competitive
Meaning: Involving competition or rivalry.
Example: The business world can be highly competitive.
Assets
Meaning: Valuable or useful qualities or resources.
Example: Her creativity and determination are her greatest assets.
Bias
Meaning: Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another.
Example: The media's bias can influence public opinion.
Transitory
Meaning: Temporary or not lasting.
Example: Happiness can be transitory; it doesn't last forever.
Nostalgia
Meaning: A sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past.
Example: Listening to old songs often evokes feelings of nostalgia.
Rooted
Meaning: Firmly established or deeply ingrained.
Example: Her love for classical music is deeply rooted in her upbringing.
Objective
Meaning: Based on facts and not influenced by personal feelings or opinions.
Example: The journalist tried to provide an objective account of the event.
Veracity
Meaning: Accuracy or truthfulness.
Example: The veracity of his statements was questioned by the investigators.
Inextricably
Meaning: In a way that cannot be separated or disentangled.
Example: Their fates were inextricably linked by their shared experiences.
Heritage
Meaning: Valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions that have been passed down through generations.
Example: The preservation of our cultural heritage is important for future generations.
Attractively
Meaning: In a pleasing or appealing manner.
Example: The artwork was attractively displayed in the gallery.
Vulgarisation
Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined.
Example: Critics argue that reality TV shows lead to the vulgarization of culture.
Interpretation
Meaning: An explanation or way of explaining the meaning of something.
Example: His interpretation of the poem was quite different from mine.
Evaporating
Meaning: Gradually disappearing or vanishing.
Example: The morning mist was slowly evaporating in the sunlight.
Endures
Meaning: Persists or continues to exist over time.
Example: Their friendship has endured for decades.
Borrow
Meaning: To take or use something temporarily with the intention of returning it.
Example: Can I borrow your umbrella for the day?
Distinct
Meaning: Clearly different or separate from something else.
Example: Each artist has a distinct style in their paintings.
Vulgarisation
Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined.
Example: Some critics argue that certain films lead to the vulgarization of cinema.
Conceivable
Meaning: Capable of being imagined or understood.
Example: It's conceivable that we may encounter challenges along the way.
Asset
Meaning: A useful or valuable thing or person.
Example: His knowledge of multiple languages is a valuable asset in his career.
Professional
Meaning: Relating to or connected with a profession or occupation.
Example: She is a professional photographer with years of experience.
Tangible
Meaning: Perceptible by touch; capable of being touched or felt.
Example: The tangible evidence supported their claims.
Prejudices
Meaning: Preconceived opinions that are not based on reason or actual experience.
Example: We should strive to overcome our prejudices and treat everyone fairly.
Nostalgia
Meaning: A sentimental longing for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations.
Example: Listening to old songs often evokes feelings of nostalgia.
Presentation
Meaning: The way in which something is arranged, shown, or displayed.
Example: The presentation of the data was clear and easy to understand.
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