Cambridge IELTS Academic 1 Reading Test 4 Answers with Explanation / IELTS Reading-Glass: Capturing the dance of light ,Why some women cross the finish line ahead of men, Population viability analysis

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.

Glass: Capturing the dance of light

Answers	Keywords	Location	Explanation
1. viii			Today fiber optics are used……………..A new generation of optical instruments that can provide ………….  ·         This paragraph explains about the new possibilities of optical fibers.
2. i			The use of glass as a art is ………………is also booming. ·         Growth= booming ·         Art= craft
3. iv			The paragraph deals with the ancient and simple method of bulb making process back then in 1920.
4. iii			The secret of versatility of glass lies in …………..which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need. ·         tailor glass to whatever they need = adaptable
5. vi			Today scientists continue to experiment with the new glass mixture and …………
6. molten glass//ribbon of glass//molten glass ribbon		P D, L12	Yet it is very simple a narrow ribbon …………
7. belt of steel//steel belt//moving belt		P D, L13  ·	…..travels over a moving belt of steel in which these are……
8. (lightbulb) moulds		P D, L14	The glass sags through the holes and waiting moulds.
9. A	dental fittings	P A, line 12	The use of this materials have been broadened …………..and as crowns for teeth. ·         Have been broadened = still in heavy use ·         Crowns for teeth= dental fittings
10. B	optical computers	P B, line 1	On the horizon are optical computers…………these could store…… ·         These could store= possibilities
11. A	sculpture	P C, line 13	He now has a new commission – a glass sculpture …
12. C	fashions		Nowhere mentioned
13. A	curtains	P F, line 10- 14	Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric…………..that gives you instant curtains.

 

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .

 Why some women cross the finish line ahead of men

Answers	keywords	Location	Explanation
14. E	drawback, restructuring	P E line 1	In Europe a recent feature of corporate life in the recession has been the de-layering of management structures. Sears said that this has halted progress for women….. ·         de-layering of management structures= company restructuring  ·         halted progress= drawback
15. G	association, support	P G, line 1	Organisations such as the European Women’s Management Development Network provide a range of opportunities for women to enhance their skills and contacts. ·         provide a range of opportunities= support
16. A	female job applicant	P A, line 1	Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. ·         Women who apply for jobs= female job applicant
17. C	male, female, approach	P C, line 11	Women tend to research thoroughly before applying for positions or attending interviews. Men, on the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince employers that any shortcomings they have will not prevent them from doing a good job.
18. F	more women, business	P F line 1	In business as a whole, there………….. in the workforce. Demographic trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. ·         increasing= more
19. D	management structures, improvement	P D, line 1	This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as non-executive directors compared with the previous year. ·         Improvement = increase in number= double in number
20. A	selection procedures	P G, line 14	And she said, “It’s still so hard for women to even get on to shortlists -there are so many hurdles and barriers. ·         shortlist= selection
21. S	female-run business	P D, line last	Sears also noted a positive trend from the recession, which has been the growing number of women who have started up on their own. ·         women who have started up on their own.= female-run business
22. M	male, female, applicant	P B, line last	But she added, “We should not lose sight of the fact that significantly fewer women apply for senior positions in comparison with men.”
23. S	higher position	P E, line	Hilary Sears, a partner with Korn/Ferry, said, “Women have raised the level of grades we are employed in but we have still not broken through barriers to the top.” ·          higher position = raised the level of grades
24. (it has) double(d)//doubling	top management position	P D, line	This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as non-executive directors compared with the previous year.
25. de-layering	company structure	P E, line	Sears said that this has halted progress for women in as much as de-layering has taken place either where women are working or in layers they aspire to
26. demographic trends	more working women	P F line	Demographic trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing.
27. employers	change attitude	P G, line	Antal agreed that there have been some positive signs but said “Until there is a belief among employers, until they value the difference, nothing will change.”

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .

Population viability analysis

Answers	keywords	Location	Explanation
28. YES	forestry	Part A, P1  line 1	To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions.
29. NO	PVA	Part A, P 1 line 5	It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests.
30. NO	extinct	Part A,P 2 line 1	A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.
31. NOT GIVEN	extinction		Not mentioned
32. vi	haphazard	Part B, P 1, line 7	Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing. ·         uncertainty=haphazard
33. iii	sexes	Part B, P B line 2	For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male.
34. i	adapt	Part B, P C, line L2	Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases
35. ii	natural disaster	PartB, P D, line 4	Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level.
36. will/may not survive//will/may/could become extinct	isolated group	Part C, P 1, line2	A species that occurs in five isolated places each containing 20 individuals will not have the same probability of extinction as a species with a single population of 100 individuals in a single locality.
37. locality//distribution	survival, population size	Part C, P 1, line2	A species that occurs in five isolated places each containing 20 individuals will not have the same probability of extinction as a species with a single population of 100 individuals in a single locality.
38. logging takes place/occurs	likelihood, extinct	Part C, P 2, line 1	Where logging occurs (that is, the cutting down of forests for timber) forest- dependent creatures in that area will be forced to leave. Ground-dwelling herbivores may return within a decade.
39. B		Part A, P 1 line 4	This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period.