READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
The department of ethnography
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text Associated with Answer |
1 | FALSE | Europe, small-scale societies | Para 1, lines 8-12 | "Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies." |
2 | FALSE | collections, objects, created, used, importance, significance | Para 1, lines 13-17 | "its collections, the Department's specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them." |
3 | FALSE | collecting emphasis, individual objects, groups of material, cultural expressions | Para 2, last 5 lines | "the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups of material which allow the display of a broad range of a society's cultural expressions." |
4 | NOT GIVEN | N/A | N/A | N/A |
5 | TRUE | material collected, technical series, artefact types, field assemblages | Para 3, lines 6-17 | "The material collected includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of West Africa - or of artefact types such as boats." |
6 | TRUE | independence of Asia and Africa, economic progress, small-scale societies | Para 5, lines 1-14 | "With the independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945, it was assumed that 'economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many small-scale societies." |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text Associated with Answer |
7 | TS | great technical series, textiles, Bolivia, Guatemala | Para 3, lines 7-8 | "includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala" |
8 | AT | artefact types, boats, coracles, India, reed boats, Lake Titicaca | Para 4, lines 9-12 | "or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boats from Lake Titicaca in the" |
9 | FA | field assemblages, Sudan, Madagascar, Yemen, material culture | Para 3, lines 14-21 | "The field assemblages, such as those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture representative of one people." |
10 | AT | artefact types, boats, coracles, India, reed boats, Lake Titicaca | Para 3, lines 9-13 | "or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boats from Lake Titicaca in the Andes, kayaks from the Arctic, and dug-out" |
11 | FA | field assemblages, Sudan, Madagascar, Yemen, material culture | Para 3, lines 14-20 | "The field assemblages, such as those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture representative of one people." |
12 | SE | acquisitions, fieldwork, social experience, clothing, jewellery styles | Para 3, lines 23-26 | "acquisitions might represent a decade's fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles" |
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .
Secrets of the forest
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
13. | v | jungle, Bolivian Amazonia, isolated band, Siriono Indians | Section A, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3 | "In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg" |
14. | i | unconquerable, habitat, human civilization, Indian ways of life, evolutionary adaptation, forest ecology, living proof | Section B, Paragraph 1, Lines 6-8 | "The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not — and" |
15. | vi | natural history, activities, prehistoric inhabitants | Section D, Last Paragraph, Last 3 lines | "The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants." |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
16. | NO | apparent simplicity, evolutionary adaptation, forest ecology, complex society | Section B, Paragraph 1, Lines 7-9 | "The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not — and cannot — sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more" |
17. | YES | Amazonia, native residents, human history, past 11,000 years | Section C, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3 | "The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence" |
18. | NOT GIVEN | - | - | - |
19. | NO | tropical ecosystems, natural forces, human influence, archaeological evidence, prehistoric inhabitants | Section D, Paragraph 1, Lines 2-8 | "Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants." |
20. | YES | indigenous Amazonians, hunting, fishing, slash-and-burn cultivation, harmful to the habitat, survival of the forest | Section F, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-5 | "The other major casualty of the 'naturalism' of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have" |
21. | YES | judicious management, selected parts of the region, support more people, buried past, hope for the future | Section F, Paragraph 2, Last 4 lines | "however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future." |
uestion Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
22. | C | Allan R Holmberg, doctoral student, anthropology, jungle, Bolivian Amazonia, isolated band, Siriono Indians, strikingly backward, villages | Section A, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-4 | "In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a 'strikingly backward' existence. Their villages were little" |
23. | A | Amazonia, past 11,000 years, indigenous cultures, complex societies, populations, 100,000, thrived | Section C, Paragraph 1, Lines 3-7 | "Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies — some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 — thrived there for more than" |
24. | B | surprise, tropical ecosystems, natural forces, human influence, archaeological evidence, prehistoric inhabitants | Section D, Paragraph 1, Lines 2-8 | "Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants." |
25. | C | suffered, pre-history of Amazonia, middle ground, archeology, judicious management, selected parts, support more people | Section F, Paragraph 1, Lines 6-9 | "suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before." |
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .
Highs and Lows
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
26. | A | low temperature, mental functioning, feeling of cold, distracted, divers, tasks | Section 3, Last Paragraph, Last 4 lines | "suggests that the low temperature did not slow down mental functioning directly, but the feeling of cold distracted the divers from their tasks." |
27. | B | melatonin, exposure to daylight, seasonal behaviour, food consumption, stags, winter, peak, May | Section 4, Lines 18-28 | "in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls with greater exposure to daylight. Research shows that melatonin plays an important part in the seasonal behaviour of certain animals. For example, food consumption of stags increases during the winter, reaching a peak in February/March. It falls again to a low point in May" |
28. | B | thunderstorm, air being heavy, irritable, moody, on edge, air positively charged, thunderclouds, intense electrical | Section 6, First 7 lines | "When there is a thunderstorm brewing, some people complain of the air being 'heavy' and of feeling irritable, moody, and on edge. They may be reacting to the fact that the air can become slightly positively charged when large thunderclouds are generating the intense electrical" |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
29. | NOT GIVEN | - | - | - |
30. | FALSE | positive charge, serotonin, levels, nervous system, active, reactive, aggressive, winds | Section 6, Lines 8-15 | "positive charge increases the levels of serotonin (a chemical involved in sending signals in the nervous system). High levels of serotonin in certain areas of the nervous system make people more active and reactive and, possibly, more aggressive. When certain winds are" |
31. | FALSE | weather, mood, temperature, restaurant, connection, behaviour, length of daylight hours | Section 4, Lines 11-15 | "temperature in the restaurant was the same. A link between weather and mood is made believable by the evidence for a connection between behaviour and the length of the daylight hours. This in turn might" |
32. | TRUE | seasons, moods, length of daylight hours, sunshine, rain, murky weather, study, Belgium | Section 5, Lines 11-20 | "seasons. People's moods too, have been shown to react to the length of the daylight hours. Sceptics might say that longer exposure to sunshine puts people in a better mood because they associate it with the happy feelings of holidays and freedom from responsibility. However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people more unhappy is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed" |
33. | TRUE | melatonin, exposure to daylight | Section 4, Lines 18-19 | "in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls with greater exposure to daylight." |
34. | NOT GIVEN | - | - | - |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
35. | B | rain, murky weather, unhappy, study, Belgium | Section 5, Lines 17-20 | "freedom from responsibility. However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people more unhappy is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed" |
36. | D | positive charge, serotonin, levels, nervous system, active, reactive, aggressive, winds | Section 6, Lines 9-15 | "positive charge increases the levels of serotonin (a chemical involved in sending signals in the nervous system). High levels of serotonin in certain areas of the nervous system make people more active and reactive and, possibly, more aggressive. When certain winds are" |
37. | E | psychologists, studies, less sceptical, optimistic, weather, sunny | Section 4, First 4 lines | "Psychologists have conducted studies showing that people become less sceptical and more optimistic when the weather is sunny. However, this apparently does not" |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
38. | B | weather, colder, relation- ship, temperature, street riots, frequency, warmer | Section 2, Lines 6-10 | "when the weather is colder. Research in the United States has shown a relation- ship between temperature and street riots. The frequency of riots rises dramatically as the weather gets warmer" |
39. | A | laboratory, hamsters, weight, nights getting shorter, melatonin levels, falling, injections, stop eating | Section 5, First 6 lines | "In the laboratory, hamsters put on more weight when the nights are getting shorter and their melatonin levels are falling. On the other hand, if they are given injections of melatonin, they will stop eating altogether. It seems that time" |
40. | F | time cues, changing lengths of day and night, trigger changes, animals' behaviour, cope with the cycle of the seasons, people's moods | Section 5, Lines 6-11 | "stop eating altogether. It seems that time cues provided by the changing lengths of day and night trigger changes in animals' behaviour – changes that are needed to cope with the cycle of the seasons. People's moods too, have been" |
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