READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Air pollution is increasingly becoming ...
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
1. | Los Angeles | state regulations, manufacturers, ever cleaner cars, Zero Emission | Section B, Lines 2-3 | "ment and innovative technology. In Los Angeles, state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: their first of the cleanest, titled 'Zero Emission'" |
2. | London | sales, local authorities, anti-pollution laws, police | Section B, Lines 5-6 | "of sales in 1997. Local authorities in London are campaigning to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution laws themselves; at present only the police have the power to" |
3. | Singapore | renting out road space, future | Section B, Last 2 lines | "do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Singapore, renting out road space to users is the way of the future." |
4. | London | European Union environmental programme, infra-red spectrometer, pollution, passing vehicle | Section D, First 3 lines | "As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London council is testing an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle – more useful than the annual stationary test that is the" |
5. | Los Angeles | cleanest cars, Europe, total number of miles, car-pooling | Section E, Lines 2-4 | "tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles has some of the world's cleanest cars — far better than those of Europe — but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people" |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
6. | YES | Royal Automobile Club, exhausts, vehicles, pollution | Section C, First 2 lines | "When Britain's Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 610,000 vehicles, it found that 12 per cent of them produced more than half the total pollution. Older" |
7. | YES | infra-red spectrometer, University of Denver, pollution, passing vehicle | Section D, Line 2-3 | "an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle – more useful than the annual stationary test that is the" |
8. | NO | cleanest cars, total number of miles, tendency to drive | Section E, First 4 lines | "The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles has some of the world's cleanest cars — far better than those of Europe — but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people" |
9. | NO | car-pooling, average number of people in a car, falling steadily | Section E, Line 4-7 | "to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car. However, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los Angeles, which is 1.3, has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well" |
10. | NO | Singapore, city-wide network of transmitters, road-pricing, controversial, Cambridge | Section F, Last 5 lines | "Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local government in Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately successful opposition." |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
11. | A | twenty megacities, WHO, pollutant, guidelines | Part Two, Paragraph 1, Last 5 lines | "Environmental Programme and the World Health Organisation (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities — places likely to have more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 – already exceeded the level the WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollutant. Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more." |
12. | D | PM10, particulate matter, deaths, Southern California | Part Two, Paragraph 2, Last 4 lines | "most attention from health researchers. PM10, a sub-category of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a metre across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly disturbing conclusions concerning this little-understood pollutant." |
13. | C | polluted air, destructive power, old and ill, vulnerable, stagnant air | Part Two, Paragraph 3, Line 3-4 | "polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power. The old and ill, however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually" |
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .
Votes for Women
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
14. | C | corporate identity, marketing strategy, organisational and commercial achievements | Paragraph 2, Line 7-16 | "nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted." |
15. | D | slogan, cohesion, focus, colour scheme | Paragraph 4, Line 1-7 | "With their slogan 'Deeds not words', and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked." |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
16. | D & E | years 1906 to 1914, bills of enfranchisement, adult female populace, the vote | Paragraph 13, Line 1-10 | "Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates" |
17. | (selling) advertising (space) | advertising space, bought, large department stores, Selfridges, jewellers, Mappin & Webb | Paragraph 6, Line 1-10 | "Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly because advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two" |
18. | „colour scheme/(three) colours/purple, white, green‟ | playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, purple, white, green colours | Paragraph 7, Line 6-12 | "exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such" |
19. | (the) Woman‟s Exhibition | Woman's Exhibition, fund-raising activities, fill the coffers | Paragraph 8, Line 7-12 | "numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the 'war chest'. The most notable of these was the Woman's Exhibition, which took" |
20. | NO | Formed in 1903, political campaigner, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst, daughters Christabel and Sylvia, educated campaign, women's suffrage, political agenda | Paragraph 3, Line 1-13 | "Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put women's suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia, and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and" |
21. | YES | newspapers, Votes for Women, The Suffragette, vital role, communication | Paragraph 5, Last 5 lines | "The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication." |
22. | NO | Both sold throughout the country | Paragraph 5, Line 6-7 | "Both were sold throughout the country and proved an" |
23. | NO | informing members, meetings, marches, fund-raising events, latest news, views, movement | Paragraph 5, Last 6 lines | "invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events, and the latest news and views on the movement." |
24. | NOT GIVEN | - | - | - |
25. | YES | Museum of London's exhibition, visual, items on show, The Suffragette, campaign banners, photographs | Paragraph 9 | "The Museum of London's exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners, and photographs are all on display, together" |
26. |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage | Text |
26. | YES | programme begins, short film, devised by 'antis', suffragette, fierce harridan, bullying, husband | Paragraph 11, Line 8-14 | "programme begins with a short film devised by the 'antis' — those opposed to women having the vote — depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband." |
27. | D | achieved, conveys a sense of equality | Paragraph 13, Line 10-11, 17, 21 | "achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the", "also conveys a sense of the", "equality. And it illustrates |
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .
Measuring Organisational Performance
Question | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text |
28 | A (establish whether increased productivity should be sought at any cost) | experiment, designed to | Second paragraph, Last sentence | "The following is a description of an important study conducted by the Institute for Social Research designed to answer these questions." |
29 | C (had identical patterns of organisation) | four divisions | Third paragraph, First sentence | "The study covered 500 clerical employees in four parallel divisions. Each division was organised in exactly the same way, used the same technology, did exactly the same kind of work, and had employees of comparable aptitudes." |
30 | C (the staff involved spent a number of months preparing for the study) | before, experiment | Sixth paragraph, First two lines | "The experiment at the clerical level lasted for one year. Beforehand, several months were devoted to planning, and there was also a training period of approximately six months." |
Question | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text |
31 | supervision | experiment, four divisions, two programmes, hierarchically controlled programme, participative programme, a period of one year, a different method, used, each programme | Last few lines of paragraph 7 | "Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt was made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down and detailed supervision of the workers reduced." |
32 | productivity | throughout this time, calculated, weekly basis | Paragraph 6, Lines 2-3 | "Productivity was measured continuously and computed weekly throughout the year." |
33 | reduced | participative programme, supervision, all workers | Beginning of paragraph 7 | "Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt was made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down and detailed supervision of the workers reduced." |
34 | (group methods of) leadership | participative programme, supervisory staff, given, training | Paragraph 7, Lines 2-4 | "More general supervision of the clerks and their supervisors was introduced. In addition, the managers, assistant managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors of these two divisions were trained in group methods of leadership." |
35 | overstaffed | hierarchically controlled programme, work groups, found to be, by 30% | Paragraph 8, Lines 5-6 | "This showed that these divisions were overstaffed by about 30%." |
36 | cut | hierarchically controlled programme, work force, by 25% | Paragraph 8, Lines 6-7 | "The general manager then ordered the managers of these two divisions to cut staff by 25%." |
Question | Answer | Location | Text |
37 | C (Changes in productivity) | Results of the Experiment section, First paragraph | "Figure 1 shows the changes in salary costs per unit of work, which reflect the change in productivity that occurred in the divisions." |
38 | D (Employees’ feelings of responsibility towards completion of work) | Results of the Experiment section, Lines 1-2 of paragraph 4 | "For example, Figure 2 shows that when more general supervision and increased participation were provided, the employees’ feeling of responsibility to see that the work got done increased." |
39 | G (Employees feel closer to their supervisors) | Final paragraph, First lines | "As Figure 3 shows, the employees in the participative programme at the end of the year felt that their manager and assistant manager were ‘closer to them’ than at the beginning of the year." |
40 | F (Employees’ opinion as to extent of personal support from management) | Final paragraph, Lines 3-5 | "Moreover, as Figure 4 shows, employees in the participative programme felt that their supervisors were more likely to ‘pull’ for them, or for the company and them, and not be solely interested in the company, while in the hierarchically controlled programme, the opposite trend occurred." |
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