READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Lost of Words
Question | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text |
1 | isolation | approximately 6,800 languages, great variety of languages, largely, as a result, geographical | Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3 | "Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people." |
2 | (economic) globalization / globalisation / socio-economic pressures | today’s world, government initiatives, contributing, huge decrease, numbers of languages | Paragraph 5 | "Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation." |
3 | cultural identity | one factor, may help, ensure, endangered languages, do not die out completely, people’s increasing appreciation of | Paragraph 7 | "But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true." |
4 | traditional skill | encouraged, programmes of language classes, children, ‘apprentice’ schemes, endangered language, used, as, medium of instruction, teach people | Paragraph 7 | "Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language." |
Question | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text |
5 | E (Doug Whalen) | endangered languages, cannot be saved, unless, people learn, speak, more than one language | Paragraph 7, Lines 1-3 | "‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder, and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut." |
6 | B (Salikoko Mufwene) | saving languages, from extinction, not, satisfactory goal | Paragraph 7, Lines 5-7 | "But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says." |
7 | D (Mark Pagel) | the way we think, may be determined, by our language | Paragraph 6, Lines 7-9 | "Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’" |
8 | C (Nicholas Ostler) | young people, often reject, established way of life, their community | Paragraph 4, Lines 3-5 | "People lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’" |
9 | B (Salikoko Mufwene) | a change of language, may mean, loss of traditional culture | Paragraph 6, Lines 4-6 | "If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says." |
10 | NO | Navajo language, will die out, because, currently has, too few speakers | Paragraph 1, Line 6; Paragraph 3, Lines 1-2 | "Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time." / "Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers." |
11 | YES | A large number of native speakers, fails to guarantee, survival of a language | Paragraph 3, Lines 1-3 | "What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are." |
12 | NOT GIVEN | national governments, could do more, protect endangered languages | Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 | "The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity." |
13 | YES | loss of linguistic diversity, inevitable | Paragraph 7, Line 1 | "So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century." |
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA
Question No. | Answer | Keywords | Location | Explanation |
14 | C (They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.) | traditionally, how, Australian doctors, differed, Western countries | Paragraph 1, first lines: "Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies." | The conservative attitude to alternative therapies shows reluctance to accept them. |
15 | B (consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.) | 1990, Americans | Paragraph 1, lines 8-9: "Americans made more visits to alternative therapist than to orthodox doctors in 1990." | The statement indicates that Americans preferred alternative therapists to doctors in 1990. |
16 | YES | Australians, turning to, alternative therapies, increasing numbers, over past 20 years | Paragraph 2, lines 1-2: "Popularity of alternative therapies...climb steadily during the past 20 years." | The statement matches the claim in the text about the increasing popularity of alternative therapies in Australia. |
17 | NO | between 1983 and 1990, numbers of patients, visiting alternative therapists, rose, further 8% of population | Paragraph 2, lines 2-5: "By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population." | The actual rise was 0.7%, not 8%, contradicting the question. |
18 | YES | 1990 survey, related to 550,000 consultations, alternative therapists | Paragraph 2, lines 5-7: "The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey..." | The survey number matches the question. |
19 | YES | in the past, Australians, had, higher opinion of doctors, than today | Paragraph 2, final lines: "The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded..." | This implies Australians had a higher opinion of doctors in the past. |
20 | YES | some Australian doctors, retraining in, alternative therapies | Paragraph 3, first lines: "Increasing numbers of Australian doctors...taking courses themselves..." | This matches the claim that Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies. |
21 | NOT GIVEN | alternative therapists, earn, higher salaries, than doctors | Paragraph 3, line 4: "Part of the incentive was financial..." | The passage does not compare earnings between therapists and doctors. |
22 | NO | 1993 Sydney survey, involved, 289 patients, visited, alternative therapists, acupuncture treatment | Paragraph 4, first lines: "These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies..." | The survey involved a variety of therapies, not just acupuncture. |
23 | YES | all the patients, 1993 Sydney survey, had, long-term medical complaints | Paragraph 4, lines 3-4: "Those surveyed had experience chronic illnesses..." | This matches the claim about long-term medical complaints in the survey. |
24 | emotional / emotional problems | medical complaints, patients, visiting therapists, musculo-skeletal, digestive | Paragraph 5, lines 1-4: "18% of patients visiting alternative therapists...suffer from emotional problems." | The survey data about emotional problems is confirmed. |
25 | headache / headaches | medical complaints, patients, visiting therapists, respiratory, candida, general health maintenance | Paragraph 5, lines 4-7: "Headache sufferers represent 6% of patients..." | This matches the survey data about headache sufferers. |
26 | general ill health | medical complaints, patients, visiting therapists, respiratory, candida, general health maintenance | Paragraph 5, lines 4-7: "Those complaining of general ill health represent 5% of patients." | This matches the survey data about patients seeking treatment for general ill health. |
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .
PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS
Question No. | Answer | Keywords | Location | Explanation |
27 | H | the way, play causes, unusual connections, brain, beneficial | Paragraph H (Lines 6-10) | The author mentions that play allows link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate, enhancing creativity. |
28 | F | insights, recording, how much time, young animals spend, playing | Paragraph F (First lines) | Byers discusses the timing of the playful stage in young animals, providing insights into the significance of play. |
29 | A | description, physical hazards, can accompany, play | Paragraph A (Lines 4-7) | The author describes how play can cost animals their lives and consume energy, mentioning the physical hazards involved. |
30 | H | description, mental activities, exercised, developed, during play | Paragraph H (Lines 1-2) | Bekoff talks about how more of the brain is involved in play, activating higher cognitive processes, which shows the mental activities exercised during play. |
31 | I | possible effects, reduction, play opportunities, will have, on humans | Paragraph F (Final lines) | The author discusses how schooling becoming more exam-oriented may reduce play opportunities, with uncertain effects. |
32 | B | classes of animals, for which, play, important | Paragraph B (Lines 3-4) | The author mentions that playfulness is common among mammals and some larger-brained birds, describing the classes of animals for which play is important. |
33-35 | A, C, F | an activity assisting organ growth, a rehearsal for later adult activities, an activity intended to build up strength for adulthood | Paragraph B (Lines 2-8) | The author presents multiple views on play, including its role in building big brains, rehearsing adult activities, and building strength for adulthood. |
36 | B | Robert Barton | Paragraph E (Lines 5-8) | Barton discusses how large brains require more play to help with development, particularly in relation to environmental data during development. |
37 | G | Marc Bekoff | Paragraph G (End) | Bekoff compares play to a behavioral kaleidoscope, where animals engage in various activities, demonstrating a wide range of activities combined during play. |
38 | E | John Byers | Paragraph C (Lines 2-5) | Byers explains that play tends to peak halfway through the suckling stage and then decline, showing that play is not just fitness training for the future. |
39 | D | Sergio Pellis | Paragraph E (First lines) | Pellis's research links brain size to playfulness among mammals, suggesting that mammals with smaller brains tend to play less. |
40 | H | Stephen Siviy | Paragraph H (Lines 6-8) | Siviy studies how play affects brain chemicals, particularly those involved in nerve cell stimulation, linking a specific substance in the brain to play. |
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