READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Ant Intelligence
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in the Passage | Text Associated with Answer and Explanation |
1 | FALSE | ants use, same channels of communication, as humans | Beginning of paragraph 2 | "Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes." This means ants use chemical signals while humans use visual and auditory channels which are not similar but they can be compared. So, the answer is: FALSE |
2 | TRUE | city life, factor, encourages, development of intelligence | Paragraph 7 | "Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles – the forcing house of intelligence – the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years..." Here, urban lifestyles = city life, the forcing house = factor that encourages the development. So, the answer is: TRUE |
3 | NOT GIVEN | ants, can build, large cities, more quickly, than humans | Paragraphs 7 and 8 | In paragraphs 7 and 8, the author talks about building cities by ants and humans. However, there is no comparison on whether ants build large cities more quickly than humans or not. So, the answer is: NOT GIVEN |
4 | TRUE | some ants, find, way, making calculations, based on, distance, position | Paragraph 11 | "Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads." Here, navigate = find their way, integrating = making calculations, bearings and distances = distance and position. So, the answer is: TRUE |
5 | FALSE | one experiment, foraging teams, able to use, sense of smell, find food | Paragraph 12 | "Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues." The line suggests that necessary actions were taken before to stop the foraging team to use odor (sense of smell). So, the answer is: FALSE |
6 | NOT GIVEN | essay, In the company of ants, explores, ant communication | Last paragraph | The last paragraph gives reference to the essay 'In the company of ants'. The writer of the essay advises us to be careful and not to step on the little creatures. However, the line doesn't indicate anything about the subject of the essay. So, the answer is: NOT GIVEN |
7 | C | sophisticated methods of farming, herding livestock, growing crops, similar, human agriculture, cultivate, large number, different species, edible fungi, convert, can digest | Paragraph 5 | "Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves- but some fungi can. The ants, therefore, cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food." So, the answer is: C (cellulose) |
8 | M | use, own, natural, weed-killers, unwanted materials | Paragraph 5 | "Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop." Here, weed-killers = antibiotics, unwanted materials = waste. So, the answer is: M (secretions) |
9 | F |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in the Passage | Text Associated with Answer and Explanation |
10 | D | genetic analysis, constantly upgrade, fungi, developing, new species, neighboring ant colonies | Paragraph 6, Lines 7-9 | "These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring ant colonies." Here, 'upgrade' corresponds to 'improve or modify' and 'species' corresponds to 'strains'. Therefore, the answer is D (exchanging). |
11 | N | farming methods of ants, more advanced than, human agribusiness, they use, methods, do not affect, do not waste | Paragraph 4, Lines 1-2 | "The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy." Here, 'sustainable' corresponds to 'do not affect/do not waste', 'ruin' corresponds to 'affect', and 'enormous amounts of energy' corresponds to 'waste'. Therefore, the answer for question 11 is N (sustainable), the answer for question 12 is O (environment), and the answer for question 13 is E (energy). |
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .
Population movements and genetics
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) | Text/Explanation |
14 | iv | Developments in the methods used to study early population movements | Section A | "A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing." |
15 | vii | Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America | Section B | "But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place?" |
16 | x | How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the relationship between different populations | Section C | "An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein -immunoglobin G – found in the fluid portion of human blood. . . . Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic ‘distance’, which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred." |
17 | i | The results of the research into blood-variants | Section D | "Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. . . . They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group." |
18 | vi | Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory | Section E | "How far does other research support these conclusions? . . . Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil." |
19 | ii | Dental evidence | Section F | "There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages." |
20 | E | 15,000 or more, years ago | Section D | "From this evidence, it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians." |
21 | D | 600 to 700, years ago | Section D | "The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago)." |
22 | C | Inuit | Section D | "Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group." |
23 | B | Apache | Section D | "The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago)." |
24 | A | Pima-P |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) | Text/Explanation |
24 | A | Pima-Papago | Section E | "Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil." |
25 | A | Pima-Papago | Section E | "Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil." |
26 | A | Christy Turner's research involved the examination of teeth from both prehistoric and modern Americans and Asians | Section F | "Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern..." |
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) | Text/Explanation |
27 | NOT GIVEN | forest problems, Mediterranean countries, discussed, meeting of experts | Paragraph 1, Last lines | "Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored." |
28 | FALSE | problems, Nordic countries, excluded, outside, European Economic Community | Paragraph 1, Lines 16-19 | "Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries, therefore, had to be discarded." |
29 | TRUE | forests, renewable source, raw material | Paragraph 2, Line 4-5 | "At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood." |
30 | FALSE | biological functions, forests, recognised, twentieth century | Paragraph 2, Lines 8-10 | "The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man – wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries. . . ." |
31 | FALSE | natural forests, still exist, parts of Europe | Paragraph 3, First lines | "The myth of the ‘natural’ forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining ‘primary’ forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial." |
32 | FALSE | forest policy, limited, national boundaries | Paragraph 3, Lines 3-4 | "This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, . .. ." |
33 | TRUE | Strasbourg conference, decided, forest policy, allow, possibility of change | Paragraph 3, Lines 5-8 | ". . . a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion." |
34 | J | Resolution 1 | Paragraph 4, Lines 1-2 | "The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline." |
35 | A | Resolution 2 | Paragraph 4, Lines 10-12 | "The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the ‘genetic material’ of all of them." |
36 | E | Resolution 3 | Paragraph 4, Lines 11-15 | "Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available." |
37 | B | Resolution 4 | Paragraph 4, Lines 15-19 | "The subject of the |
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) | Text/Explanation |
37 | B | Resolution 4 | Paragraph 4, Lines 15-19 | "The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests." |
38 | G | Resolution 5 | Paragraph 4, Lines 19-21 | "The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects." |
39 | D | Resolution 6 | Paragraph 4, Lines 23-25 | "Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests." |
40 | B | Identifying the main purpose/aim of the passage | Throughout the Passage | The passage discusses the need for new policies to save European forests, the main functions of forests, the importance of coordinated forest policies, and the resolutions proposed in the Strasbourg conference to protect European forests. The main aim of the passage is to provide plans to protect the forests of Europe. |
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