READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Attitudes of language
Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text/Explanation |
1 | YES | understandable reasons, arguments | First paragraph, lines 2-4 | "Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start . . .. . . ." |
2 | NO | more strongly, language education | First paragraph, last lines | "Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education." |
3 | YES | assessment, intelligence | Second paragraph, lines 2-4 | ".. .. . . linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival." |
4 | NOT GIVEN | prescriptive grammar books, cost | Not mentioned | - |
5 | YES | prescriptivism, exists | Fourth and fifth paragraphs | "All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18 century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries…. . .. . Some usages are “prescribed”, to be learnt and followed accurately;. …. . ." and "These attitudes are still with us…" |
6 | YES | pointless, stop language change | Fifth paragraph, lines 4-6 | "… .. . it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe – to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change." |
7 | NO | Descriptivism, after | Fifth paragraph | "This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe – to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley..." |
8 | YES | descriptivists, prescriptivists | Last paragraph | "In our own time, the opposition between descriptivists and prescriptivists has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other." |
9 | H | prescriptivists | Third paragraph | "prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community." |
10 | F | rules | Fourth paragraph | "The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar." |
11 | A | descriptivists | Fifth paragraph | "Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than the facts of linguistic usage." |
12 | C | popular speech | Fifth paragraph | "Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’.” |
13 | B | present a historical account | Throughout the passage, especially last paragraph | The passage presents a historical account of differing |
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .
Tidal Power
TIDAL POWER | |||
ANSWERS | KEYWORDS | LOCATION | EXPLANATION |
14.C | first test site | paragraph C, line 3 | The first station is expected ………….. and the European Union. |
15.E | power, Britain | paragraph E, line 1 | Dr Bahaj has done most work ……………….under the Channel. “import= bring back” |
16.A | Britain, an alternative source of energy | paragraph A, line 8 | Unlike wind power, which Britain originally ………….. island nations such as Japan and New Zealand. “originally developed and abandoned for 20 years= previous attempt” |
17.C | applying technology, another industry | paragraph C, line 8 | The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry…. |
18.A | Paragraph A, line 3 | Unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant. “than wind power= unlike wind, predictable= reliable” | |
19.D | Paragraph A, line 5 | This technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions “reduce= cut down” | |
20.E | Paragraph A, line 6 | If tides, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants | |
21.F | paragraph A , line 6 | If tides, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants [Option E] and export renewable power to other parts of Europe | |
22.J | paragraph C, line last | The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents “vicinity of coastlines= around heavily indented coasts “ | |
23.maintenance | tower, seaweeds | paragraph D, line 9 | The towers will stick out of the water …………..seaweed from the blades. “Purpose = maintenance and cleaning sea weeds” |
24. slow (turning) | sea life, blades | paragraph D, line 5 | Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. “sea life =fish and other creatures, comparatively=relatively” |
25.low pressure and 26. cavitation | air bubbles, known as | last paragraph, line 1 | One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. |
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .
Information theory- the big idea
Question | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text |
27 | D | information theory, noise, rate, information, error-free | Para D, Line 2-5 | "Information theory generalises this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free." |
28 | F | information, data, meaning, error correction | Para F, Line 3-4 | "As mobile phone text messages like 'I CN C U' show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction" |
29 | B | computer technology, student, Bell Laboratories, information theory | Para B, Line 6-7 | "While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory" |
30 | E | technological feats, Voyager spacecraft, error rate, clear pictures | Para E, Line 2-5 | "The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets." |
31 | A | information theory, Voyager I, spectacular images, contact | Para A, Line 2-7 | "The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars...Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realised that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever." |
32 | C | information, binary unit, bit | Para C, Line 5-7 | "The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false — which can be captured in the binary unit, or 'bit', of the form 1 or 0." |
33 | Jupiter & Saturn | Voyager I, spectacular images | Para A, Line 2-3 | "The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn" |
34 | Solar system | Voyager I | Para A, Line 3 | "and then soared out of the Solar System" |
35 | Sensors & circuits | probe, failing | Para A, Line 4-6 | "After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing" |
36 | Spares | message, Voyager I, failing parts | Para A, Line 7-8 | "The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts." |
37 | Radio dish | NASA's Deep Space Network, message | Para A, Line 9-10 | "By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA's Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space" |
38 | TRUE | information, binary unit, bit | Para C, Line 5-7 | "The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false — which can be captured in the binary unit, or 'bit', of the form 1 or 0." |
39 | TRUE | information theory, noise, rate, signal, bandwidth | Para D, Line |
Question | Answer | Keywords | Location | Text |
39 | TRUE | information theory, noise, rate, signal, bandwidth | Para D, Line 2-6 | "Information theory generalises this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This rate depends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its 'bandwidth')." |
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